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Stories that are passed down in cultures. Unitive, figurative, and symbolic. Not intended to be literally true but not totally false.
It's fragile. |
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Then Seeking of Wisdom
-its literal
Disruptive - asks "why"
offers logical and rational method to answer |
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| Sophists -> trained argument makers. Master of rhetoric. Masters at manipulating things in the favor of what they were arguing. claimed to "possess" wisdom. |
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| story -> Sparta went to war with Athens. Sparta won and philosophy was born in the wake of this crisis. Sophists moved in. They hired themselves and took advantge of broken Athens confidence. |
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| Higher forms above the lower forms: truth, beauty, and goodness (most real). |
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| Lower forms: imagination, perception |
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saw the birth of democracy, advances in medicine, great philosophers.
Athens: industrialized, democracy, and heaviliy commercial
Sparta: Agricultural, authoritarian, heavily militaristic |
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| a means to the primary end. |
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| no absolute standard for ethics |
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| a theory developed by Aristotle which analyzes substance into matter and form. |
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-Selfishness
-Bad habit
-Enslaves
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-Selflessness
-Good
-Good habit of choosing according to our nature |
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| Relates to the idea. Has not gone away but it is in some other realm like Plato. |
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| Relates to the materials. Description of something; accounts for something. What its made of. |
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| Relates to tools. Something that brings something else about. |
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| Relates to the endpoint. It's the end when the project is completed and you have a finished thing. |
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1. Humans are ethical because they are rational.
2. The good/ethical choice is the rational choice.
3. The rational choice is to choose to act according to our nature as humans. |
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gives rational, logical method for answering why (strength).
Two rationalities; the encounter between two rational beings. |
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| Dedicates itself to whatever is beyond physical. What is most real. |
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1. Observe
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Design Experiment
- Control Group
- Independent Varable
- Dependent Variable
5. Record findings
6. Analyze Results
7. Conclusion |
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comes from the greek word "Eidos" meaning "idea".
It is objective, absolute, and independent of the material world. |
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-written by Plato
-The Divided Line
-its as if the world were divided into different segments |
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-was founded by Plato.
-the first proto-university.
Did what you universities did much later.
-institution of learning dedicated to learning for the sake of learning. |
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-written by Plato
-people are threatened by things they do not know as real.
-illustrates degrees of reality and degrees of truth. |
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means happiness
life well lived
the excellent life |
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| point to the fact that our minds work this way and all that we have is our universal ideas and our minds are designed to pick up on a deeper order and then point to language and senses. |
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1. Problem of Knowledge
2. Problems of Conduct
3. Problem of Governance |
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| matter + form = individual object! |
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-intuitive
-comes from experience and not necessarily the same thing as knowledge.
-when processed the right way it is a better way of living.
- comes from your character
-is something that cannot be possessed. |
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know about him from the writing to his followers.
Was Plato's teacher.
Never wrote anything down. |
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Wrote a bunch of dialogues.
Systematized Socrates' philosophy.
Was Aristotle's teacher.
Founded "The Academy" |
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Student of Plato
Founded "Lyceum" -- similar to the Academy.
Develops a very thorough ethical system called Natural Law. |
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Material Realm -- lowest realm
-divided in half
--bottom half is shadows and images (least real)
--top half is objects. solid and more real than images.
Formal Realm -- Above the level of objects
-divided in half
-- bottom half -> mathematicals (lower forms)
--top half -> transcendentals --truth, beauty (higher forms) |
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| Purpose Oriented. (final causality) |
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Realm of Material
-imagination: loosely connected to reality.
Not good knowledge: coincides with level of shadows and images; least true.
-Perception: percieve actual knowledge, more reliable than imagination.
Not perfect, our senses can lie to us & we dont see everything at once.
Realm of Form
-Where knowledge can be found. Reasoning. Coincides with the lower forms. Much more perfect than perception.
-Wisdom: coincides with higher form. Those who apprehend truth,beauty.. |
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| Ancient Philosophical Mindset |
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- concerned with universal truth
- eternal reality
- deductive certainty
- FORM |
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| Modern Philosophical Mindset |
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- Simplicity -> Occhem's razor
- Anti-authoritarian
- Innovation
- Material mechanisms & processes
- Metaphysics is a materialist
- Epistemology is a relavist
- Most concerned with the material and efficient causes in Aristotle's 4 causes |
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| the belief that consequences are what matter for morality of an act. |
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-Usefulness is the criterion
-the greatest good for the greatest # of people
- pleasure principle
greater good -> usefulness ->pleasure |
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meaning: self-control
lack of: gluttony (over-indulgance)
excess of: prudishness |
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lack of: Injustice
excess of: Legalism |
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meaning: courage
lack of: Cowardice
excess of: Recklessness |
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lack of: Ignorance
excess of: Overanalysis |
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must be controlled by man along with emotion.
a want for a material thing
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theory of ethics that says individuals should pursue their own desires but enter into a contract with a larger group to assure their success
*self-interest* |
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| simplest explanation is likely the correct one |
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| Describe the main difference between the ancient philosophical quest and the modern quest. |
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| The acient quest is performed and the modern quest is science. |
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| What does the statement "if our natures were different, our duties would be different" mean? |
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-if we were anything other than human, morality would be different.
ex: it is not immoral for a lion to kill a person b/c it is an animal, not human. |
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Define Virtue.
Define Vice. |
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Virtue: good habit, selflessness
Vice: bad habit, selfishness |
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| What does it mean to say that a vice is the result of either a defect or an excess of a virtue? |
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| an excess and a lack of a virtue is a vice. |
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| happiness, like well lived, the excellent life. |
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| How is utilitarianism different from ancient philosophical theories of virtue? How is it different from Plato's ethical theory? |
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| It differs because ancient theories were not materialist and utilitarianism is. |
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| What's the difference between the hypothetical imperative and the categorical imperative? |
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Hypothetical: if / then reasoning in morality.
Categorical: absolute moral command. |
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| How can morality be based on a "social contract"? |
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| Three overarching issues that comprise the quest of philosophy. |
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Problem of knowledge: epistomology & metaphysics.
Problem of Conduct: ethics
Problem of Governance:theory of law, political science. |
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1. Eidos
2. Idea
3. Order |
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| How does the problem of knowledge lead to the problem of conduct? |
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| because we know what is out there and need to know how to use it. |
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| How does Aristotle overcome the problem of separation? |
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by Hylomorphism:
a theory developed by Aristotle which analyzes substance into matter and form. |
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