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| (Originates from the Greek word Ethos, meaning character)The study of morality. |
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| Three working definitions of Philosophy |
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Definition
(1) The science of truth.
-Paraphrase: Philosophy is the methodical activity of uncovering and stating the way things really are.
(2) The science that studies the first principles and highest causes of all things.
-First Principles: Source, foundation, beginning, that without which everything that follows could not be.
(3) Thinking for yourself about basic questions - about life, knowledge, reality, religion, and what to do with yourself. |
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(1) Being: Metaphysics - The study of the nature of reality
(2) Thinking: Epistemology - The study of knowledge.
(3) Doing: Ethics - The study of what is right or wrong and good and bad in human behavior. |
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| Five Main Studies of Philosophy |
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(1) Epistemology
(2) Metaphysics
(3) Ethics
(4) Aesthetics
(5) Logic |
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| Theoretical Philosophy (Contemplative) |
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| It just wants to know for the sake of knowledge; The mind sees and contemplates only. |
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| Reason considers and makes an order in reason itself; It is the the art of thinking rationally |
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| The art of living rationally. |
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| Having no moral sense; Being indifferent from right and wrong. |
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| Outside the sphere of morality altogether. |
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| Scientific/Descriptive Approach of Morality |
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Definition
-This approach is most often used in the social sciences, like ethics, which deals with human behavior.
-Empirical
-Descriptive b/c it involves the observation of human behavior.
-Observers don't make value judgments.
-Scientists make descriptive(non-evaluative) claims.
-They state facts or alleged facts.
-Ex: Half of marriages end up in divorce. |
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| Philosophical Approach to Ethics (Normative/Prescriptive Ethics) |
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Definition
-Deals with norms and prescription (the way you should behave).
-Make valued judgments (proving whether it's right or wrong).
-Gives reason to support their prescriptive claims - why they are right and true. |
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| Metaethics/Analytic Ethics |
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Definition
| It analyzes ethical language and the rational foundations of ethical systems. |
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| To Whom Does Morality Apply To? |
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Definition
-Morality applies to moral agents:
(1) Someone capable of altering her/his behavior to conform to moral requirements.
(2) Ability to understand and form beliefs about moral requirements.
(3) Requires "free will". |
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| Four Aspects of the Application of Morality |
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(1) Religious Morality
(2) Morality and Nature
(3) Individual Morality
(4) Social Morality |
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| Concerned with human beings in relationship to a supernatural being. |
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| Concerned with human beings in relationships to nature. |
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| Concerned with human beings in relationship with themselves. |
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| Concerned with human beings in relationship with other human beings. |
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| Objective View of Morality |
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Definition
-Values come from supernatural being and beings.
-There are moral laws embedded in nature itself "Natural Law Theory".
-The world and objects in it have value with or without the presence of valuing human beings. |
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| Subjective View of Morality |
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| Some believe that morality and values reside strictly within human beings and that there are no values or morality outside of them. |
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| Criticism of Objective View of Morality |
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Definition
-It is difficult to prove conclusively that existence of any supernatural being(s) or to prove that values exist outside the natural world.
-It is impossible to think of things of value without someone valuing them. |
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| Criticism of Subjective View of Morality |
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Definition
| There are things in the world that are valuable even if there isn't anyone to value them. |
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| Synthesized View (Both Objective and Subjective) |
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Values are determined by variables:
(1)The first variable is the thing of value, or the valued.
(2)A conscious being who values or the valuer.
(3)The context/situation in which valuing takes place. |
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| Based on customs or tradition (the first type of morality we experience, such as in our childhood with religion). |
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| The careful examination and critical evaluation of all moral issues whether or not they are based. |
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-Are not the same thing:
(1)What is moral need not be legal.
(2)What is legal need not be moral.
-Morality is almost always precedes law, giving the reason of it.
-Law of sanctions morality, putting it into an enforceable code.
-Therefore law is a public expression of social morality and also is its sanction. |
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-Religion has given the reason to behave morally.
-To prove that one must be religious to be moral requires providing a supernatural existence.
-Non-religious people can be moral, so there is no connection between morality and religion.
-Rationally founding a religion is difficult. |
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