Term
| Date: Unification of Italy |
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The popular idol, Garibaldi, in his red
flannel shirt, with a loose coloured
handkerchief around his neck, … was
walking on foot among those cheering,
laughing, crying, mad thousands; and all his
few followers could do was to prevent him
from being bodily carried off the ground. |
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If Garibaldi crosses to the mainland and takes over the
Kingdom of Naples and its capital, as he has done in
Sicily and Palermo, he becomes absolute master of the
situation. King Victor Emanuel loses almost all his
prestige; in the eyes of nearly all Italians, he becomes
merely the friend of Garibaldi. |
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Definition
| - Camillo di Cavour to his aide (1 August 1860) |
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Term
| Italian and German unification both: |
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Definition
Italian and German unification both:
(1) occurred under auspices of an economically
expanding, politically dominant kingdom;
(2) unified largely “from above,” spearheaded by a
shrewd Prime Minister of a constitutional
(3) occurred at the expense of the Habsburg
Austrian Empire;
(4) initially motivated not only, or even primarily,
by popular nationalist sentiment, but rather by
leaders’ desire to achieve growth and influence
via economic modernization.
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Term
To you, who have been born in Italy, God has allotted, as
if favouring you specially, the best-defined country in
Europe. […] God has stretched round you sublime and
indisputable boundaries; on one side the highest
mountains of Europe, the Alps; on the other the sea, the
immeasurable sea. […] The states into which Italy is
divided today are not the creation of our own people;
they are the result of the ambitions and calculations of
princes or of foreign conquerors, and serve no purpose
but to flatter the vanity of local aristocracies for which a
narrower sphere than a great Country is necessary. |
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Definition
| - From Giuseppe Mazzini, The Duties of Man (1861) |
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I, like you, believe that the life of a people lies in
independence more than in liberty. But as an Italian first
and foremost, I seek Italian forces for an Italian war, and a
popular insurrection would not be enough for the
purpose. We have seen this already: a popular rising can
win temporary victories within the confines of its own
cities, but… to defeat cannons and soldiers, you need
cannons and soldiers of your own, not Mazzinian chatter. |
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Definition
I, like you, believe that the life of a people lies in
independence more than in liberty. But as an Italian first
and foremost, I seek Italian forces for an Italian war, and a
popular insurrection would not be enough for the
purpose. We have seen this already: a popular rising can
win temporary victories within the confines of its own
cities, but… to defeat cannons and soldiers, you need
cannons and soldiers of your own, not Mazzinian chatter.
- Giorgio Pallavicino (1851), later founder of the Italian National
Society
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Term
| German Wars of Unification: |
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Definition
German Wars of Unification:
(1) Danish War (Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark): 1864
- Schleswig and Holstein gained from Denmark
(2) Austro-Prussian War: 1866 - resulted in the creation of
the North German Confederation
(3) Franco-Prussian War: 1870-71 - resulted in the creation
of the Second German Empire (under Prussian leadership)
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| Anton von Werner, Proclamation of the German Empire (1885)* |
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| Vasili Vereshcagin, Blowing from Guns in British India (painting 1880s)* |
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| Technologies of nineteenth-century imperialism: |
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Technologies of nineteenth-century imperialism:
- Weaponry: breechloading rifles and repeaters
- Transportation: rail, iron steamship, canals
- Communication: telegraph, submarine cable
- Medicine: quinine
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Term
“Thus ended the battle of Omdurman – the
most signal triumph ever gained by the arms of
science over barbarians. Within the space of five
hours the strongest and best-armed savage army
yet arrayed against a modern European Power
had been destroyed and dispersed, with hardly
any difficulty, comparatively small risk, and
insignificant loss to the victors.”
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Definition
“Thus ended the battle of Omdurman – the
most signal triumph ever gained by the arms of
science over barbarians. Within the space of five
hours the strongest and best-armed savage army
yet arrayed against a modern European Power
had been destroyed and dispersed, with hardly
any difficulty, comparatively small risk, and
insignificant loss to the victors.”
- from Winston Churchill, The River War (1933)
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Term
Take up the White Man's burden
Send forth the best ye breed
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden
The savage wars of peace
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to nought |
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Definition
Rudyard Kipling, “The White
Man’s Burden” (1899)
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Term
“I feel … that it is impossible for us, with
our limited means, to attempt to educate
the body of the people. We must at present
do our best to form a class who may be
interpreters between us and the millions
whom we govern, a class of persons Indian
in blood and colour, but English in tastes,
in opinions, in morals and in intellect.”
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Definition
From Thomas Babington Macaulay’s “Minute on
Education” (1835)
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Term
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Definition
From Clark, Giddon,
and Maury, Indigenous
races of the earth (1857)*
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| Manifesto on the Abolition of Serfdom (1861) |
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Term
| Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) |
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Term
| Results of the 1905 revolution: |
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Definition
Results of the 1905 revolution:
(1) Important political concessions – constitutional
autocracy?
(2) Opening of public sphere
(3) Limited improvements for industrial workers
(4) Reduction of land rents; abolition of redemption
payments
(5) Degraded value for human life
(6) Duma progressively enfeebled
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Nicholas II’s concessions to the revolution:
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Definition
legislative assembly (State Duma)
- ministerial cabinet (Council of Ministers
- freedom of speech, conscience, assembly, the press,
religion
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The peasants will not understand a constitution; they
will only understand that their tsar’s hands have been
tied, and then – good luck, gentlemen.
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| Nicholas II to a governmental conference on reform in 1904 |
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Term
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Definition
(1) As an outgrowth of new social and economic/
industrial/scientific phenomena;
(2) As a self-conscious break from the past;
assertion of newness, and reaction to Victorian
values
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Definition
| Edgar Degas, At the Races in the Country (c. 1872)* |
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Pablo Picasso, Les
Desmoiselles
d’Avignon (1907)*
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Umberto Boccioni, Dynamism of a
Cyclist (1913)*
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Term
| - from F.T. Marinetti, The Futurist Manifesto (1909) |
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Definition
We will sing of the great crowds agitated by work, pleasure
and revolt; the multi-colored and polyphonic surf of
revolutions in modern capitals: the nocturnal vibration of
the arsenals and the workshops beneath their violent
electric moons: the gluttonous railway stations devouring
smoking serpents; factories suspended from the clouds by
the thread of their smoke; bridges with the leap of gymnasts
flung across the diabolic cutlery of sunny rivers:
adventurous steamers sniffing the horizon; great-breasted
locomotives, puffing on the rails like enormous steel horses
with long tubes for bridle, and the gliding flight of
aeroplanes whose propeller sounds like the flapping of a
flag and the applause of enthusiastic crowds. […] Italy has
been too long the great second-hand market. We want to
get rid of the innumerable museums which cover it with
innumerable cemeteries.
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Edgar Degas, Absinthe
(1876)*
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| Dancers from the Ballet Russes production of Igor Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring (1913)* |
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Edvard Munch, The
Scream (1893)*
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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,
Self-Portrait with Model
(begun 1910)*
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Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? What Are We?
Where Are We Going? (detail) (1897)
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| Paul Gauguin, The Spirit of the Dead Keeps Watch (1892)* |
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| Edouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (1863)* |
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