Term
|
Definition
| the process in which heritable traits are associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on to future generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mating system in which a female and male form a breeding pair that may last for one breeding period or for a lifetime (most bird species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mating system in which one male mates with more than one female (most mammal species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stuctural differenc between the sexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the strength of the relationship between genetic background and a particular phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identical twins have 100% gentic overlap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (faternal) twins or non-twin siblings have 50% genetic overlap |
|
|
Term
Transgenic Animals
(Genetic Engineering) |
|
Definition
- Knock-out: remove the DNA for the gene or mutate the DNA so the protein is not made
- Knock-in: add in different DNA for a gene
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the process of getting a readout of a person's DNA. The makeup of that DNA can than be correlated with certain traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene is a legnth of DNA that encodes the information for constructing a particular protein (humans have 25,000 genes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Two genes that contral the same trait
- each person has two copies of each gene
- one allele comes form the mother and the other allele comes from the father
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes are packaged into chromosomes (23 pairs in human) in our nucleaus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the type of genes (alleles that you carry. When DNA testing is conducted, your genotype is being assesed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the traits (physical or behavioral) that you express, and it results from an interaction between the genes and the enviromenr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
their phenotype will only show up if you have 2 copies of the recessive allele
Ex: blue eyes and red hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| their phenotype will only show up if you have 2 copies of the recessive allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Homo = Same
either 2 dominant alleles or 2 recessive alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hetero = different
1 dominant + 1 recessive allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first phase of gene expression, in which the DNA base-sequence code is converted to an RNA base-sequence code (this RNA code then travels from inside the nucleus to the outside) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second phase of gene expression, in which RNA base-sequence code gives rise to a sequence of amino acids (at the site of the ribosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determine which genes are switched on or not. these are acted on by proteins that are often influenced by the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process by which the DNA molecule duplicates itself
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accident alterations in a gene during replication
- some mutations are devastating to the organisms (Ex: Down's Syndrome)
- most mutations remain hidden (this is why inbreeding is not a good idea)
- some mutations benefit the organism. These mutations have adaptive value and they get naturally selected for reproduction
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which one cell (with pairs of chromosomes) divide into two cells (each with one chromosome of each pair = gametes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fertalized egg with the full complement of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which the number of chromosomes double so that when cell division occurs the daughter cells end up with the right number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine whether the organism will be a male or femal
Females = two X chromosomes
Males = one X and one Y chromosome |
|
|
