Term
| What are the common congenital cardiac diseases in FA? |
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Definition
| -ventricular septal defect |
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Term
| What are the common arrhythmias in FA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which age of animal is more likely to be diangosed with a congenital heart defect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cattle breed is predisposed to inherited familial cardiomyopathy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which previous diseases/treatments predispose cattle to cardiac issues? |
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Definition
-Hardware dz: trauatic (septic)pericarditis
-Metritis, mastitis, sole abscess: bacterial endocarditis
-chronic respiratory problem/pneumonia: cor pulmonale |
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Term
| What is cardiac auscultation? |
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Definition
| -systematically aiming the stethescope for the detection of normal heart sounds, cardiac murmurs, and cardiac rhythm |
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Term
| In most cattle, which heart sounds are easily auscultated? |
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Definition
-first and second heart sounds
-third is often audible in young animals
-third and/or fourth really only heard in adults w/ lower HR |
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Term
| How long should you listen in each spot while auscultating a cow? |
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Definition
| -for at least 15 seconds in all 4 spots |
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Term
| On which side of the cow is it easier to listen to the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs seen in a cow that are suggestive of cardiac dz? |
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Definition
-tachycardia, arrhythmias
-abnormal heart sounds: murmur, muffled, or splashing sounds
-HR: exercise intolerance, weakness, syncope
-CHF |
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Term
| Which clinical signs in cattle are specific for right-sided HF? |
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Definition
-peripheral/pitting edema
-pulsatile jugular veins: low pulses closer to brisket is normal
-distention of peripheral vv |
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Term
| Which clinical signs in cattle are specific for left-sided HF? |
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Definition
-dyspnea
-cough
-weakness
-exercise intolerance |
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Term
| Which FA cardiac diseases are frequently accompanied by signs of HF? |
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Definition
-pericarditis
-dilated cardiomyopathy
-neoplasms: lymphosarcoma |
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Term
| Which FA cardiac diseases are infrequently accompanied by signs of HF? |
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Definition
-congenital heart defect (no cyanosis)
-bacterial endocarditis (valvular) |
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Term
| What are our major three challenges in FA cardiology? |
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Definition
-Consider possibility of heart dz: when there are no clinical signs of HF & not as closely monitored
-Dx the dz: 1 in 4
-Establish prognosis for animal: type & severity of dz, animal's value, foreseeable losses in pdn, owner's expectations |
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Term
| What are some of the diagnostics of FA cardiology? |
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Definition
-ECG
-Echocardiography
-abdominal ultrasonography +/- rads
-Bloodwork: CBC/chem
-cardiac troponon I
-blood culture
-pericardiocentesis
-necropsy |
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Term
| Why would you perform an ECG for FA cardiology? |
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Definition
-to detect cardiac arrhythmias
-use base-apex lead in most rums |
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Term
| Why do ECG's have dec sensitivity in FA? |
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Definition
-diffuse organization of Purkinje fibers
-can be useful for differentiating physiological and pathological arrhythmias |
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Term
| Usually, which lead do we use in FA to detect cardiac arrhythmias? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of echocardiography in FA? |
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Definition
| -to detect valvular (infectious endocarditis), pericardial (pericarditis), myocardial, congenital (VSD) lesions of the heart |
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Term
| In what position must the animal be to perform a FA echo? |
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Definition
| -mostly standing, non-sedated animals |
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Term
| What are the objectives of FA echocardiography? |
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Definition
-confirm dx
-assess extent of dz process
-determine severity of cadiac dysfunction
-monitor response to treatment
-provide accurate prognosis |
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Term
| In which FA speciesd do we use abdominal US +/- rads the most? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which U/S and/or rad view do we use to visualize the reticulum in cattle? PUrpose? |
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Definition
-craniovental abdomen
-to rule out hardware dz: as cause of septic pericarditis |
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Term
| What might we see on CBC and serum chem with cardiac dz in FA? Is this a good set of tests for this purpose? |
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Definition
-CBC: inflammatory leukogram, inc fibrinogen
-Serum chem: inc CK-Mb isoenzyme, inc LDH-1
-no, overall they lack sensitivity and specificity to detect heart dz |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a cardiac troponin I (cTnI) test? |
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Definition
-valuable indicator of myocardial damage
-cattle: 0-0.05 ng/ml |
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Term
| What is the significance of inc cTnI in bovine cardiac diseases? |
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Definition
-ionophores induced & infectious myocarditis
-valvular endocarditis
-pericarditis |
|
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Term
| What is the significance of inc cTnI in bovine non-cardiac diseases? |
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Definition
| -ehlp guide decision-making for tx and px |
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Term
| Which test is the most sensitive for bovine cardiac dz? |
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Definition
| -cardiac troponin I (cTnI) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of blood culture in FA cardio? Will it always be fruitful? |
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Definition
-help w/ dx/guide tx of VEGETATIVE (BACTERIAL) EDNOCARDITIS
-doesn't always cultivate anything, especially if abx have been given |
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Term
| What is the site of injection for bovine periardiocentesis? |
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Definition
| -left 5th intercostal space ventrally (right above the elbow) |
|
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Term
| Describe the general technique of pericardiocentesis? |
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Definition
-physical restraint, clip, local block, sterile prep
-aspirate fluid, then analyze |
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Term
| Which needle do we use for bovine pericardiocentesis? |
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Definition
-16G or 18G spinal needle
-<10-15 cm long |
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Term
| What do we do w/ the fluid aspirated from pericardiocentesis? |
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Definition
-fluid analysis: TP, cell count, cytology, gram stain
-bacterial culture: aerobic, anaerobic |
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Term
| What is the purpose of cardiac catheterization for FA cardio? |
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Definition
| -gives oxygen tension/saturation, CO, & pulmonary arterial P measurements (Cor pulmonale) |
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Term
| Which specific serology do we run in FA cardio? What do pos and neg results mean? |
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Definition
-Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) serology
-Neg: r/o enzootic lymphoma (Adult cattle)
-Pos: msut include lymphoma on list of ddx |
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Term
| What are the purposes of performing a necropsy in FA cardio? |
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Definition
-verify or confirm clinical diagnosis
-determine the extent of the lesions
-teaching tool for yourself, client, crew member, other involved in operation
-obtain samples if needed
-possible legal situation |
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Term
| What is the most common congenital cardiac diseases? |
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Definition
| -ventricular septal defect (VSD) |
|
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Term
| In addition to VSD, what are some other congenital cardiac diseases that affect cattle? |
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Definition
-Atral septal defect (ASD)
-patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
-tetralogy or pentalogy of fallot |
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Term
| What is a ventricular septal defect? |
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Definition
-opening in interventricular membranous septum
-occurs as a single defect or complex anomay |
|
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Term
| In which breeds is ventricular septal defect possibly heritable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What historical findings will we see with bovine ventricular septal defect? |
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Definition
-poor growth/failure to thrive
-lethargy/weakness
-repeated pneumonia episodes non-responsive to tx |
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Term
| What do we see on physical exam with bovine ventricular septal defect? |
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Definition
-tachycardia
-loud, harsh, pansystolic murmur: PMI (tricuspid/right AV valve area)
-palpable cardiac thrill: right
-/+ lethargy, exercise intolerance/dyspnea, poor growth |
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Term
| How do we diagnose ventricular septal defect? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do we treat ventricular septal defects? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the prognosis of ventricular septal defects? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the recommendations for a ventricular septal defect? |
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Definition
-Small VSD: may remain asymptomatic
-Large VSD: likely to develop CHF and have short life expectancy in horses
-consider heritability: breeding animals with VSD is not advised |
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Term
| What is the most common cardiac arrhythmias in FA? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is atrial fibrillation? |
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Definition
| -lack of coordinated atrial electrical activity |
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Term
| What are the causes of FA atrial fibrillation? |
|
Definition
-usually secondary to primary (often GI) dz +/- abdominal pain
-associated w/ acid-base and/or electrolyte distrubances (met alkalosis, hypoK, hypoCl, hypoCa)
-others: foot rot, pneumonia > endocarditis |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of atrial fibrillation? |
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Definition
-depends on underlying dz
-irregulargly irregular cardiac rhythm (HR is variable) |
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Term
| What diagnostics do we run for an atrial fibrillation? |
|
Definition
-cardiac ausculation is characteristic
-electrocardiography: P waves absent, replaced by fine undulations |
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Term
| How do we treat atrial fibrillation? |
|
Definition
-electrolyte/acid-based abnomalities
-underlying/primary (GI)dz: most will convert to normal sinus rhythm
-Quinidine sulfate |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of atrial fibrillation in bovines? |
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Definition
| -most of the time do well with primary dz correction, with some not doing well |
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