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Chemical- atoms & molecules
cell- smallest unit of life
tissue- smiliar cells grouped together to perform a function Four major tissues: epithelial tissues, muscle tissues, nervous tissue, connective tissue
organ- two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function
System- organ system- organs working together to perform an overall function
Organism- made up of many organ systems |
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| existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body |
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| produces output=response (glands/muscle) |
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| sends information to control center |
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response counteracts deviation in body
-any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted until normal range is attained
most body functions are controlled with negative feedback
Ex: when the body drops below a set normal temperature, the brain send signals to have muscle contractions (shiver) to help raise the core temp.
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not homeostatic response
-rare in healthy persons
-response intensifies deviation until major event happens
Ex: mother giving birth.. her uterus is stretched more and more near end of pregnancy.This stimulates more uterine contractions until the baby is born then positive feedback. |
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| lying face upward, on back |
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| lying face downward, on stomach |
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up, top of the body, structure above another
Ex: the chin is superior to the navel |
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down, lower part of body; structure below another
Ex: the naval is inferior to chin |
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front of body
Ex: the navel is anterior to the spine |
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back of the body
Ex: the spine is posterior to the breastbone. |
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head
closer to the head than another structure (usually synonymous with superior)
Ex: the chin is cephalic to the navel |
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tail
closer to the tail than another (usually synonymous with inferior)
Ex: the navel is caudal to the chin |
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belly
toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)
Ex: the naval is ventral to the spine |
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back
toward the back (synonymous with posterior)
Ex: the spine is dorsal to the breastbone |
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nearest
closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Ex: the elbow is promixal to the wrist |
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to be distant
farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Ex: the wrist is distal to the elbow |
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side
away from the midline of the body
Ex: the nipple is lateral to the breastbone |
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middle
toward the midline fo the body
Ex: the bridge of the nose is medial to the eyes |
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toward the surface
toward or on the surface
Ex: the skin is superficial to muscle |
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deep
away from the surface, internal
Ex: the lungs are deep to the ribs |
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outer
forms skin and nervous system (Embryonic tissue) |
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middle
forms muscle, bone and blood vessels ( Embryonic tissues) |
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inner
forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives |
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| cover surfaces, line cavaties and form secretory parts of glands |
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| connect other tissues, support, protect, transport (blood), and insulate (fat) |
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| recognizing and responding to stimuli (changes in environment), transfer information |
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| divides body into right and left portions |
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| is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body |
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| plane runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions. |
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| plane that runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. |
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| a cut through the long axis of the organ |
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| a cut at right angles to the long axis |
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| a cut made across the long axis at an angle not equal to 90 degree right angle |
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| it is formed by horizontal and vertical lines meeting through the naval.These lines form the quadrants right-upper , left-upper, right-lower, left-lower. Subdivisions are made by 9 regions: epigastric, right and left hypochondriac, umbillica, right and left lumbar, hypogastric, right and left iliac. Clinicians use the quadrants and regions as reference points for locating underlying organs. |
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space enclosed by the ribs, sternum, and vertebral column and is divided into left and right parts by the mediastinum
Contains three small cavities:
Pericardial cavity- surrounding heart
Two Pleural cavities- associated with ribs and surrounds each lung |
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| contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. The abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane cavity called Peritoneal |
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| surounds each lung, which is covered by visceral pleura. Parietal pleura line the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm. |
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Organization
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
Development
Responsiveness
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