Atoms

&

Molecules

A structure that:

1. Reproduces using its own resources.
2. Uses energy & produces waste.
3. Interacts with the environment (poison ivy).

What is life?

(3)

A set of molecules that go around & reproduce that aren't alive

(use other cell's machinery).

Biology

The study of life can be broken down into many ____.

Field of Biology:

Function of the organism.

Field of Biology:

Fish

Field of Biology:

Animals in general.

Field of Biology:

Plants in general.

Field of Biology:

Insects

Field of Biology:

Fungi

Field of Biology:

Plankton

Field of Biology:

Birds

Field of Biology:

Algae

Obsevations

Questions

Hypothesize

Test Hypothesis

Conclusions

Organize

Smallest--->Largest

Scientists also ____ info making it easier to remember

From ____ to ____.

Subatomic particles

Atoms

Molecules

Macromolecules

Organelles

Cell

Organize from smallest to largest:

Molecules

Cell

Subatomic particles

Organelles

Atoms

Macromolecules

Living organisms are not immortal, they die, 

but atoms never "die".

Matter is not created or destroyed it is simply rearranged.

Living organisms are ____, they die, 

but ____ never "die".

____ is not created or destroyed it is simply rearranged.

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

It can be exchanges for matter.

____ cannot be created nor destroyed.

It can be exchanges for ____.

Atoms get ____ in organisms, but not destroyed.

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Positive, found in nucleus, same # as electrons.

(mass=1dalton)

Neutral, found in nucleus, # can vary.

(mass=1dalton)

Negative, found in orbitals, same # as protons.

(mass=0)

Mass.

No weight.

Protons & neutrons have the same ____.

Electrons have ____.

With the exception of ions (atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons) the # of protons & electrons in a given type of atom are ____. but the # of neutrons  ____.

The charges of the protons & electrons create the atom;

the positive charges in the nucleus attract the negatively charged electrons.

The ____ of the protons & electrons create the atom;

the positive charges in the ____ attract the negatively charged ____.

Isotopes

EX: 

¹²C contains 6 protons & 6 neutrons.

¹⁴C contains 6 protons & 8 neutrons.

(superscript placed to the left is the sum of the # of protons & electrons.

Although the # of neutrons is usually equal to the # of protons, multiple forms of an element that differnce in the # of neutrons called ____.

Unstable isotopes emit rays that  we can use to see things like lungs (radioactive).

They lose energy by emitting particles or radiation.

____ emit rays that  we can use to see things like lungs (radioactive).

They lose ____ by emitting particles or radiation.

Scientists intitially visualized an ____ as a mini solar system.

(oversimplifies but convenient image)

Electrons travel within regions surrounding the nucleus (orbitals) in which the probability is high of finding that electron.

Which are depicted as a cloud---> it is organized.

Electrons travel within regions surrounding the ____ (orbitals) in which the probability is high of ____ that electron.

Which are depicted as a ____---> it is ____.

Electrons move really fast.

Electrons orbiting a nucleus have KE--> which is the energy of moving matter.

Electrons move really ____.

Electrons orbiting a nucleus have ____--> which is the ____.

# of electrons = # of protons

If the don't =, it's an ion.

(When you take an electron away, it becomes an ion.)

# of ____ = # of ____

If the don't =, it's an ____.

b/c:

(When you take an ____ away, it becomes an ____.)

Atoms with progressively more electrons have ____ within electron shells that are at greater & greater distances from the ____.

1st shell:

1 spherical orbital (1s) ---> holds 2 electrons

2nd shell:

1 spherical orbital(2s) OR dumbell-shaped orbitals(2p)

---> holds 4 pairs of electrons.

1st shell:

1 spherical orbital (1s) ---> holds ____ electrons

2nd shell:

1 spherical orbital(2s) OR dumbell-shaped orbitals(2p)

---> holds ____ of electrons.

One orbital in the 1st energy shell; 4 in the others.

2 electrons in the 1st shell, 8 electrons (4 pairs) fill the shells.

(Each orbital can hold only 2 electrons;

so an atoms with more than 2 electrons has more than one orbital).

____ orbital in the 1st energy shell; ____ in the others.

____ electrons in the 1st shell, ____ electrons (____ pairs) fill the shells.

S orbitals are spherical.

P orbitals are propeller or dumbell shapes.

Atoms have shapes.

S orbitals are ____.

P orbitals are ____ or ____ l shapes.

____ have shapes.

When the outer 2nd energy shell is not full:

Electrons in the outer shell that are availiable to combine

with other atoms are call the ____.

Atoms that have unfilled energy shells tend to:

Share, release, or obtain electrons to fill their outer shell.

Showed that when talking about mass, it's what's in the nucleus.

That's b/c 98% of the electrons went straight through,

meaning the bulk of the atom is energy cloud.

What did Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment show?

And why?

# of protons in an atoms is it's ____.

(It is also equalt to the # of electrons in the atom so that the net charge is zero).

Cation

It's positively charged b/c it has more protons.

What is an ion that has lost electrons?

And what's it's charge & why?

Anion

It's negatively chared b/c it now have more electrons.

What is an ion that has gained electrons?

And what's it's charge & why?

Orgainized by? Atomic #

Rows corresponds to the # of? Electron Shells

Columns, from left to right, indicate the # of? Electrons in the outer shell.

PERIODIC TABLE:

Orgainized by?

Rows corresponds to the # of?

Columns, from left to right, indicate the # of?

PERIODIC TABLE:

Similarities of elements within a column  occur b/c they have the same # of electrons in their ____, & therefore they have similar ____ properties.

Atomic mass # (average mass of all isotopes for that element) - Atomic # (protons) = ?

Atomic Mass Scale

EX: Most common form of carbon has 6 protons & 6 neutrons, 

is assigned an atomic mass of exactly 12. 

-- Hydrogen atoms has an atomic mass of 1, so it has 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom.

-- Magnesium atom, with an atomic mass of 24, has twice the mass of a carbon atom.

Indicates an atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms.

Derived from the gravitational pull on a mass

(mass is the same everywhere you go; protons & neutrons).

1 dalton (d) equals 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom.

Carbon has an atomic mass of 12 Daltons.

1 dalton (d) equals ____ the mass of a carbon atom (hydrogen).

Carbon has an atomic mass of ____ Daltons.

1 mole of any element contains the same # of atoms, 6.022 x 10²³ (Avogadro's #). 

EX: 1g of hydrogen would have more atoms than 1g of carbon.

Atomic # will tell you weiht in grams per mole.

Mole:

1 mole of any element contains the same # of ____, ____ (Avogadro's #).

____ will tell you weiht in grams per mole.

These 4 elements typically make up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms:

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Carbon

Mineral elements makes up less than 1%.

Trace elements makes up less than 0.01%.

These 4 elements typically make up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms:

____ makes up less than 1%.

____ makes up less than 0.01%.

Hydrogen & Oxygen occur primarily in water.

Nitrogen is found in proteins.

Carbon is the building block of all living matter.

Hydrogen & Oxygen occur primarily in ____.

Nitrogen is found in ____.

Carbon is the building block of ____.

Contains chemical symbols of elements found in a molecule.

Subscript indicated how many of each atom are present.

1. All require a source of energy.
2. Reactions in living organisms often require a catalyst (enzymes).
3. Tend to proceed in a particular direction but will eventually reach equilibrium.
4. Occur in liquid environment--water.

Stated that atoms are stable when they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell.

(applies to most atoms in living organisms)

(Excludes hydrogen bc it full its outer shell with 2 electrons)

(b/c when outer shell is full it is unlikely to react with another atoms).

1. Energy
2. Dictate how atoms band together.

Occur between individual atoms as well as atoms that are part of molecules.

(2)

BONDS:

Atoms share a pair of electrons.

BONDS:

Occurs between atoms whose outer electron shells are not full.

Can share:

1 pair of electrons--> single bond H-F

2 pairs of electrons--> double bond O=O

3 pairs of electrons--> triple bond

Cation have a net positive charge.

Anions have a net negative charge.

Cation have a net ____ charge.

Anions have a net ____ charge.

Ionic Bond

(Salt)

Collectively, can form a stong bond over all.

(Holds DNA strands together.)

Individually, weak bonds can form & break easily.

(Substrate & Enzyme bonding)

Interactions are weaker, not occuring between just 2 atoms; may involve many atoms.

Hydrogen bonds happen between atoms that are already molecules.

Readily dissolve in water.

Ions & molecules that contain polar covalen bonds.

Do not readily dissolve in water.

Nonpolar molecules like hydrocarbon.

Have both polar or ionized regions at one or more sites, & nonpolar regions at other site.

May form micells in water.

Micelle

(formes in water by amphipathic molecules)

The shape & time have an effect on how the molecule will interact.

The amound of time an electon spend in any certain place is equal.

Van der Waal's interactions:

The ____ & ____ have an effect on how the molecule will interact.

The amound of time an electon spend in any certain place is ____ in a proportional shape.

Attractive forces between molecules in close proximity to each other, caused by the variation in the distribution of electron density around individual atoms.

Allows it to fold?

1. Is less dense as a solid.
2. Has a high specific heat.
3. Has high heat of vaporization (100°C)
4. Has cohesion on high surface tension,
5. Is the universal solvent.
6. Tends to form a weak acid over time.

Liquid in a solution.

Bulk of the solution.

Stubstances dissolved in solvent.

Dictates the behavior of the cell.

Ions & molecules that contain polar covalent bonds will dissolve in water.

A substance must be electrically attracted to water molecules.

Ions & molecules that contain ____ will dissolve in water.

A substance must be electrically attracted to ____.

Amount of a solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution.

1 mole of a substance is the amound of the substance

in grams = to its atomic or molecular mass.

1 mole of a substance is the amound of the substance

in grams = to its ____ or ____.

1. Participates in chemical reactions (hydrolysis or dehydration).
2. Provides a force or support.
3. Remove toxic waster components.
4. Evaporative cooling.
5. Cohesion & adhesion.

1) Addition of solutes to water lowers its freezing point below 0°C and raises its boiling point above 100°C.

2) Some animals produce antifreeze molecules that dissolve in their body fluids, thereby lowering the freezing point of the fluids and preventing their blood and cells from freezing in the extreme cold.

Colligative Properties:

1) Addition of solutes to water lowers its ____ point below 0°C and raises its ____ point above 100°C.

2) Some animals produce ____ molecules that dissolve in their body fluids, thereby ____ the freezing point of the fluids and preventing their blood and cells from ____ in the extreme cold.

 Depend strictly on the concentration of dissolved solute particles & not on the specific type of particle.

In pure water:

[H⁺][OH^-] = [10^-7M][10^-7M] = ?

(Brackets indicate concentration)

Lowers the H⁺ concentration.

Some release OH^-.

Others bind H⁺.

1. The shapes & functions of molecules.
2. The rates of many chemical reactions.
3. The ability of 2 molecule to bind to each other.
4. The ability of ions or molecules to dissolve in water.

The pH of a solution can affect:

(4)

Organisms usually tolerate only small changes in pH. 

Buffers help to keep a constant pH.

Organisms usually tolerate only small ___ in pH. 

___ help to keep a constant pH.