Term
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Definition
| Aggregation of cell bodies in the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregation of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| 3 basic parts of a typical neuron |
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Definition
| dendrites, soma/body, axon |
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Term
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Definition
| occupy all of the space around neurons and their processes |
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Term
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Definition
unipolar
pseudounipolar
bipolar
multipolar |
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Term
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Definition
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglial cells
schwann cells (PNS) |
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Term
| characteristics shared by all neurons |
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Definition
irritability
conductivity
all or none action potential
secretory |
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Term
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Definition
only one process, usually an axon
present only during embryonic development |
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Term
pseudounipolar neuron
-structure?
-where found?
-Function? |
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Definition
single process that immediately divides to 2
found in the ganglias(sensory/ascending pathway) except fro the 1st, 2nd, and 8th CN
the peripheral process does not synapse with another neuron, but ends at a transducer |
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Term
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Definition
| the peripheral end of a primary neuron in the ascending/sensory pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
has 2 processes, a dendrite and an axon
found in the ganglia of the 1st, 2nd, and 8th CN |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudounipolar or bipolar neuron |
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Term
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Definition
one axon, but many dendrites
many incoming messages, but one output
data processing |
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Term
| ways in which synapses can differ |
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Definition
some are inhibitory
some have specific neurotransmitters
some take advantage of refractory periods after repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
one axon, but many dendrites
many incoming messages, but one output
data processing |
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Term
| ways in which synapses can differ |
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Definition
some are inhibitory
some have specific neurotransmitters
some take advantage of refractory periods after repolarization |
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Term
| Ascending pathway - primary neuron features |
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Definition
-pseudounipolar or bipolar
-peripherally has transducer
-cell soma found in ganglia
-central process synapses with secondary neuron |
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Term
| ascending pathway - secondary neuron features |
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Definition
-usually multipolar neuron
-soma found in CNS
- axon ascends crossing the midline |
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Term
| Ascending pathways - tertiary neuron features |
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Definition
found in the thalamus
projects ascending axon to higher centers |
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Term
| Descending pathway overview |
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Definition
| Upper motor neurons in the brain cross the midline and synapse with soma in the cns, which then project to an effector organ |
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Term
| somatotopic orientation means... |
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Definition
| one can plot a body homonculus in most areas of the brain |
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Term
| the posterior ramus supplpies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-overlapping band-like areas of skin which receive somatic afferent fibers from specific spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| when stimulus from visceral afferents are incorrectly perceived as pain at the dermatone associated with somatic afferent fibers sharing the same spinal nerve/posterior root. |
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Term
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Definition
| interneurons connecting incoming afferent fibers directly to a lower motor neuron, allowing an involuntary response |
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Term
| reflex arc and tonic stimulation |
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Definition
| the lmn and thus the effector organ are constantly stimulated by the reflex arc, so the UMN inhibits. knock out the UMN, and after initial flaccid paralysis ->spastic or rigid paralysis |
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Term
| divisions of the nervous system by location |
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Definition
Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
peripheral nervous system
Number and types of nerves |
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Definition
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system location |
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Definition
| partly central and partly peripheral |
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Term
| Nervous system divided by destination |
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Definition
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| major difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system (motor) |
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Definition
SNS is a single neuron from CNS to organs
ANS is a two neuron chain from CNS to organs |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system division |
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Definition
sympathetic - increase heart rate, slow digestion
parasympathetic - rest and digest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rigid supporting framework, allows mechanical movement of joints, protects vital organs, houses marrow which forms blood cells, and stores calcium and phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
Membranous bones
endochondrial bones |
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Term
| membranous bone formation |
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Definition
| ossification is direct from embryonic mesenchyme |
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Term
| endochondrial bone formation |
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Definition
-cartilage first, then ossification
-primary center of ossification becomes the diaphysis/shaft
-secondary center occurs at ends/epiphysis
-epiphyseal plate is between epiphysis and diaphysis |
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Term
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Definition
skull
Vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
SACRUM AND COCCYX |
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Term
| synarthroses characteristics |
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Definition
| joint that allows for little or no movement |
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Term
| diarthroses characteristics |
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Definition
| joint that allows several degrees of freedom of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| synarthroses joint with bone uniting two previously separate bones |
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Term
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Definition
synarthroses with cartilage uniting the bones
e.g., costal cartilage between rib and sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| synarthroses with cartilage uniting the bones |
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Term
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Definition
synarthroses with fibrous connective tissue uniting the bones
e.g. skull bones |
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Term
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Definition
| synarthroses with fibrous connective tissue uniting the bones |
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Term
| diarthroses joint components |
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Definition
-articular surfaces covered in articular cartilage
- joint cavity lines by synovial membrane containing synovial fluid
- fibrous articular capsule encloses the whole joint and is attached to the bones |
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Term
| energy source for muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| skeletal muscle characteristics |
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Definition
| voluntary, striated, somatic |
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Term
| cardiac muscle characteristics |
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Definition
involuntary, striated, visceral
intercalated discs between cells |
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Term
| smooth muscle characteristics |
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Definition
| involuntary, smooth, visceral |
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Term
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Definition
belly
distal and proximal ends (tendon, aponeurosis, or fleshy attachment |
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Term
| muscle name can be based on |
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Definition
attachments
action
shape
number of parts
size |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue sac with lubricating fluid found where a tendon would contact bone |
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Term
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Definition
| enlongated doughnut shaped connective tissue sac with lubricating fluid, surround a tendon that would otherwise be subject to mechanical pressure from multiple sides |
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Term
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Definition
| proximal attachment or attachment point with less movement |
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Term
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Definition
| distal attachment or attachment point that has more movement |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary muscle that works on auto |
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Term
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Definition
| baseline sustained muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
a phasic contraction, where length changes, involving prime movers and antagonists
concentric - controlled shortening
eccentric - controlled lengthening |
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Term
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Definition
phasic contraction, where length of muscle does not change, but muscle tension increases
stabilizers, postural |
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Term
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Definition
| LMN axon, motor end plate, and the muscle fibers it is able to control |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive increase in number of motor units for contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| aka prime mover, the muscle contracting to produce a movement across a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| contracts isometrically to stabilize the position of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
complements to action of the prime mover
e.g., direct weaker action, or producing a position of greater leverage |
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Term
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Definition
| opposes the action of the agonist or synergist |
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Term
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Definition
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