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Stunts the growth of tobacco plants and gives their leaves a mosaic coloration.
In the late 1800's, researchers hypothosized that a particle smaller than bacterica caused the disease. In 1935, Wendell Stanley confirmed this hypothesis by crystallizing the infectious particle. |
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| Are viruses cells? Why or why not? |
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| NO! They do not respond to stimuli, do not respire, do not grow, do not move...they do reproduce and evolve though. |
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| Very small -200nm - the size of protein. |
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| Depending on its tpe of nucleic acid, a virus is either call a _____ virus or a _____ virus. |
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| Viral envelopes, which are derived from the host cell's membran, contain _____________________. |
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| a combination of viral and host cell molecules. |
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| Viruses reproduce only in ______ ________. |
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| the protein shell that encloses the viral genome. |
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| protein subunits that capsids are built from. |
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| Once a viral genome has entered a cell, the cell begins to do what? |
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| the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins. |
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| Also called phages, they are viruses that infect bacteria. |
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| What has the most complex capsids found among viruses? |
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| Phages have an enlongated capsid head that encloses their |
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Definition
-Attachment
-Penetration (injection)
-Biosynthesis (nucleic acid and proteins)
-Assembly and Packaging
-Release (lysis) |
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| The Lysogenic cycle replicates the phage genome without doing what? |
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| The Lysogenic cycle replicates the phage genome without destroying the host. |
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| What does it mean when it is said that Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites? |
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| They can only reproduce within a host cell. |
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In the Lysogenic cycle:
The viral DNA molecule is incorporated into the host cell's chromosome how? |
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| by genetic recombination. |
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In the Lysogenic cycle:
the integrated viral DNA is known as what? |
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| Each virus has a host range. What is that? |
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| a limited number of host cells that it can infect. |
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-Attachment
-Penetration
-integration
-Normal Cell Reproduction |
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In the Lysogenic cycle:
Everytime the host divides, it does what? |
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| it copies the phage DNA and passes the copies to the daughter cells. |
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| Phages that use both the lytic and the lysogenic cycles. |
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| A phage reproductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell. |
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| Lysogenic Cycle definition |
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| Replication of the phage genome without destroying the host. |
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| inoculated a healthy, 8 year old boy with cowpox in an attempt to find a vaccine for smallpox. It was a success. |
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| Viruses basically take over the ________ of the cell they infect. |
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| slow acting, virtually indestructible proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals. |
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| Pathogen invades body and multiplies in cells and tissues |
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| any disease causing agent |
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| when body's defense cannot keep pathogen's activites from disrupting normal functions |
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| disease spreads fast through part of a population for a limited time. |
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empidemic in severel countries at the same time.
ex. h1n1 |
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| Why don't pathogens wipe out everything on earth? |
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Any species continually attacked by a phathogen has probably developed defenses.
if a pathogen kills too quickly, it might become extinct. |
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| The viral genome cane be either single or double stranded ______ or _______. |
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| RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because... |
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| host cells lack enzymes that can replicate viral genome. |
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| Viruses probably evolved from the ___________________. |
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| Viral envelopes, which are derived from the host cell’s ______, contain a combination of viral and host cell molecules. |
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| What is a viral envelope? |
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| a membrance that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses the genome. |
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| During the viral reproductive stage, after the viral nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres are produced, they spontaneously do what? |
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| self-assemble into new viruses. |
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| On a phage AKA the bacteriophage, what encloses their DNA in it? |
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| Phages have an elongated capsid head that encloses their DNA in it. |
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| On a bacteriophage or phage, attached to their elongated icosahedral heads is a protein tail piece with fibers. What does the phage use that for? |
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| It uses it to attach to the bacterium it wants to infect. Once it attaches, it injects the Phage's DNA inside. |
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1. Phage attaches to bacterial cell.
2. phage injects DNA
3. Phage DNA directs host cell to make more phage DNA and protein parts.New phages assemble.
4.Cell lyses and releases
new phages.
LYTIC CYCLE |
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| When integrated into the bacterial chromosome by the Lysogenic Cycle, the viral DNA is known as a ____________. |
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| Every time the host divides in the Lysogenic Cycle, it copies the phage DNA and passes the copies to the _________ __________. |
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| A viral infection can produce symptoms by a number of different routes. In Viral Diseases in Animals, viruses may damage or kill cells by causing the release of hydrolytic enzymes from ___________. |
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| Some viruses cause infected cells to produce toxins that lead to ________ __________. |
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| In animal viruses, typically, entire capsid enters cell, not just _____ _________. |
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| So, basically the envelope is what? |
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| a harmless derivatives (typically) of pathogen that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen |
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| Vaccines can prevent certain _____ ________. |
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| Some symptoms of viral diseases in plants are what? |
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| spots on leaves and fruits, stunted growth, and damaged flowers or roots |
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| Viral diseases in plants are often carried by what? |
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| Smaller, less complex entities called _______ and _______ also cause disease in plants and animals |
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| When the prion gets into a cell containing the normal fold of protein, the prion somhow converts the normal protein molecules to ______________. |
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| misfolded prion versions. |
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