Term
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Definition
1. Transmembrane Transport
2. Symplastic Transport
3. Apoplastic Transport |
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Term
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Definition
1. Export of material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell
2. Movement of auxin |
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Term
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Definition
1. Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata
2. Transport through plasmodesmata occurs primarily by diffusion
3. "Symplast" formed by all of a plant's cells & plasmodesmata
4. Connected cytoplasm-continuous connections of all cytoplasms by plasmodesmatas |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells-stretches between 2 cytoplasms |
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Term
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Definition
1. Movement of solutes through cell wall material, spaces between cells: material outside the cell can find a way to diffuse into the cell
2. Apoplast-continuum of water-soaked cell walls & intercellular spaces
3. Short-distance transport |
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Term
| Tissue Level Transport Pathways in Roots |
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Definition
1. Both symplastic & apoplastic transport play important roles in mineral nutrient transport through the outer tissues of roots
2. Apoplastic transport moves soil water and dissolved minerals through root epidermal and cortex tissues
3. Apoplastic movement stops at root endodermis-barrier between root cortex & central core
4. Casparian strips prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues-only symplastic movements allowed: epidermis is caulked to gum up area between cells
5. Endodermal plasma membranes possess specific channels & transporters for essential mineral nutrients
6. Root endodermis functions as a molecular filter that allows the passage of beneficial solutes that have entered from the symplast or have been specifically transported into endodermal cytosol through specific transport channels |
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Term
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Definition
| large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along |
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Term
| Long-Distance Transport in Plants |
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Definition
1. Bulk or mass flow-mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combo of these
2. Liquids and dissolved solutes move faster by bulk than diffusion
3. Movement of fluid in xylem and phloem |
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Term
| Movement of fluid in xylem and phloem |
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Definition
1. xylem water flow driven upward
2. phloem movement occurs from regions of high to low solute concentration |
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Term
| Flowering plant xylem contains several types of specialized cells |
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Definition
1. Xylem parenchyma cells alive, not directly involved in long-distance
2. Thick-walled supportive fibers may be alive or dead at maturity; provide structural support
3. Tracheids & vessel elements are specialized water-conducting cells and are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature (gymnosperms contain only tracheids) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Long & narrow with slanted ends
2. Lignin-containing (water impermeable, secondary wall)
3. Pits |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonlignified holes allow water to flow from one tracheid to another |
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Term
| Vessels & Vessel Elements |
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Definition
1. Vessel elements are aligned in pipeline-like files known as vessels
2. Gives greater capacity for bulk flow to flowering plants
3. Water flows faster through vessels than tracheids |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants expend little or no energy on bulk flow through xylem |
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Term
| Forces that power xylem bulk flow |
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Definition
1. Adhesion
2. Water is cohesive due to strong hydrogen bonding
3. Sun's energy indirectly powers transpiration |
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Term
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Definition
| water stick to lignified walls of xylem vessels |
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Term
| Sun's energy indirectly powers transpiration |
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Definition
1. Heat from sunlight
2. Use of water in photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Causes evaporation at leaf surfaces, 90% of water is taken in is lost by evaporation
2. Tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant's surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil |
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Term
| Use of water in photosynthesis |
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Definition
| formation of reduced carbon compounds (<10% of water uptake) |
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Term
| Adaptations to reduce Transpirational water loss |
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Definition
1. Stomatal movements
2. Leaf abscission or leaf drop |
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Term
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Definition
1. Guard cells close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis
2. Blue light stimulates active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cells expand and stomata opens
3. At night, ions pumped out, cell deflates and stomata closes |
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Term
| Leaf abscission or leaf drop |
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Definition
1. Occurs normally to prevent water stress or to temperature or light changes
2. Particularly valuable adaptation for desert plants and angiosperm trees of seasonally cold habitats
3. Ethylene stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mature phloem tissues remain alive & retain at least some cytoplasmic components
2. Phloem works under positive hydrostatic pressure, unlike xylem, which is under tension (negative pressure)
3. Composed of supporting fibers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements (cells), & adjacent companion cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sieve-tube elements loses its nucleus & most of the cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow
2. Companion cell supplies mRNA & proteins to sieve tube element via plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
1. Companion cells play an essential role in conveying sugars to sieve-tube elements for long-distance transport
2. Sucrose (disaccharide) used for most long distance transport |
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Term
| 2 types of phloem loading |
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Definition
1. Symplastic loading
2. Partial Apoplastic loading |
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Term
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Definition
1. Many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf, to companion cells & then to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata
2. Does not require ATP; facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| Partial Apoplastic loading |
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Definition
1. Load sugar into sieve-tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport
2. ATP must be used to move the sugar across the plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve-tube element |
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Term
| Translocation of Phloem Sap (bulk transport system) |
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Definition
1. Phloem transport driven by differences in turgor pressure that occur between cells of a sugar source and sugar sink
2. Source and sink tissues may change during the seasonal cycle
3. Because of the changes in source and sink tissues, the direction of phloem flow may change with seasons |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is producing & releasing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is actively taking & storing source |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk transport from source to sink tissue |
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Term
| Source & sink tissues may change during the seasonal cycle |
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Definition
1. Photosynthetic leaf mesophyll is the main sugar "source" during the time of the year when the leaves are actively photosynthesizing
2. Roots are the main "source" when new growth, leaf formation occurs in the spring
3. Roots, developing leaves, seeds, & fruits are sugar "sinks" at different times of the year |
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Term
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Definition
Ernst, Munch, German plant physiologist, 1930
1. Sieve-tube elements near source tissues have comparatively high solute content due to movement of sugars from source
2. Water tends to rush into them from adjacent xylem, thereby building hydrostatic pressure
3. Vessel elements near "sink" tissues have lower solute concentration
4. Hydrostatic pressure overcomes reduced solute pressure & water moves into adjacent xylem |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations-Review |
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Definition
2 multicellular life cycle stages
1. Diploid, spore-producing by meiosis
2. Haploid, gamete-producing by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Reproductive shoot-a stem branch that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves
2. Flower organs produced by shoot apical meristems
3. Flower organ functions |
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Term
| Flower organs produced by shoot apical meristems |
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Definition
1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamens |
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Term
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Definition
1. Often function to protect unopened flower bud
2. After the flower blossoms, the sepals help support the petals |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually serve in attraction of pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
1. Produce male gametophytes & foster their early development
2. Filament topped by anther
3. Diploid cells undergo meiosis producing 4 tiny, haploid spores (micropores)
4. At the time of dispersal, the microspores is a two-or-three-celled male gametophyte produced by mitotic division
5. Each male gametophyte (pollen grain) develops a tough outer wall
6. During a later phase of development, a mature male gametophyte produces sperm cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of 4 microsporangia |
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Term
| Early male gametophyte development |
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Definition
1. Each microscopic nucleus undergoes mitosis to form male gametophyte
2. Generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm cells
3. Tube cell will form pollen tube |
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Term
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Definition
1. Each plant species has distinctive shape to pollen wall
2. Composed largely of sporopollenin (physical strength) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, & nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes
2. Contain veins of vascular tissue that deliver nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the developing gametophytes
3. Flower contains one or more carpels that form a pistil
4. Carpel composed of stigma, ovary, & style |
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Term
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Definition
| produces & nourishes one or more ovules |
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Term
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Definition
| spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments (megasporangium) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Within ovule, diploid cell produces 4 megaspores by meiosis (3 die)
2. Surviving megaspore generates female gametophyte by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Each ovule produces a single female gametophyte by mitosis of megaspore
2. Often possess 7 cells & 8 nuclei |
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Term
| Female gametophyte often possess 7 cells & 8 nuclei |
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Definition
1. Egg cell lies between 2 synergids
2. 3 antipodial cells
3. Central cell has 2 nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
1. Development of the mature male gametophyte
2. Pollen Germination
3. Double Fertilization |
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Term
| Development of the mature male gametophyte |
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Definition
1. When pollen grains land on stigma, stigma allows only appropriate genotype to germinate
2. Pollen tube grows through micropyle and delivers sperm to female gametophyte
3. Results in double fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pollen grain germinates by taking up water & producing a pollen tube
2. Pollen generative nucleus usually divides by mitosis to produce 2 sperm cells
3. Upon rehydration a pollen tube extends into the between cells of the style
4. To deliver sperm to egg cells, the tube must grow from the stigma, through the style, to the ovule
5. A pollen tube conveys 2 sperm cells to the female gametophyte
6. Tip growth controlled by tube cell nucleus
7. New cytoplasm & cell wall material added to tip of elongating cell
8. Callose plugs concentrate components of the cytoplasm at the tip
9. Tube enters through micropyle of the ovule |
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Term
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Definition
1. One of the 2 sperm cells fertilize the egg to produce the diploid zygote
2. Other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei located in central cell |
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Term
| Other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei located in central cell |
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Definition
| Produces endosperm by mitosis |
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Term
| Produces endosperm by mitosis |
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Definition
1. Endosperm develops as a nutritive tissue, usually triploid chromosome number
2. Supplies nutritional needs for developing embryo and often seedling
3. Rich in protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamins, & minerals
4. Nutrients in endosperm comes from parent sporophyte by apoplastic transport
5. Eudicots store nutrients from endosperm in cotyledons-mature seeds contain little to no endosperm
6. Monocots retain considerable endosperm in the mature seed |
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Term
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Definition
| A young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by sporophyte integuments |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain tissues from 2 sporophyte generations |
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Term
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Definition
1. Embryogenesis is the development of single celled zygotes by mitosis
2. First cell division is unequal
3. Suspensor disappears and older embryos rely on endosperm |
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Term
| First cell division is unequal |
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Definition
1. Establishes apical-basal polarity
2. Smaller cell develops into embryo
3. Larger cell develops into suspensor that channels nutrients & hormones to young embryo |
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Term
| Distinction between eudicot & monocot embryos |
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Definition
1. Young eudicot embryos are spherical but become heart-shaped as cotyledons develop; shoot meristems forms between cotyledons
2. Mature monocot embryos are cylindrical with a single cotyledon & a side notch where apical meristem forms |
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Term
| All animals share similarities in the ways in which they: |
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Definition
1. Exchange materials with their surroundings
2. Obtain energy from organic nutrients
3. Synthesize complex molecules
4. Reproduce themselves
5. Detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment |
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Term
| What is unique/distinct about animals in comparison to plants? |
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Definition
1. No cell wall-impacts on developmental events & tissue/organ structure
2. No photosynthesis-acquisition of organic nutrients
3. Rapid, coordinated movement used in pursuit of food, or avoidance of predators |
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Term
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Definition
1. Specialized cells of a given type cluster together to perform a specific function
2. 4 main categories |
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Term
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Definition
1. cells specialized to contract
2. 3 types in higher animals |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds hollow tubes & cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control-e.g. blood vessels, most digestive organs |
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Term
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Definition
| only in the heart; involuntary control |
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Term
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Definition
1. Initiate & conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal's body to another
2. Electrical signals produced in one nerve cell may stimulate or inhibit other nerve cells |
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Term
| Electrical signals produced in one nerve cell may stimulate or inhibit other nerve cells |
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Definition
1. Stimulate new electrical signals in adjacent neurons
2. Stimulate muscles to contract (nerve-muscle contraction)
3. Stimulate glands to release chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sheets of densely packed cells
2. Specialized to protect, provide selective permeability, secrete or absorb materials
3. Rest on basal lamina or basement membrane |
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Term
| Sheets of densely packed cells that |
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Definition
1. Cover the body or individual organs
2. Line the wall of body cavities |
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Term
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Definition
1. Includes blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loose & dense connective tissue
2. Oftentimes, much of connective tissue is composed of extracellular matrix around cells |
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Term
| Functions of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
1. Provides scaffold for attachment
2. Protects & cushions
3. Mechanical strength
4. Transmit mechanical forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated function(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| different organs work together to perform/regulate complex functions |
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Term
| Organ systems frequently work together: |
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Definition
| Spatial arrangement of organs into organ systems part of overall body plan |
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Term
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Definition
1. 2 main compartments
2. Intracellular & extracellular fluid can be very different in solute composition |
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Term
| 2 main compartments of body fluids |
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Definition
1. Intracellular fluid
2. Extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Fluid transport systems designed for bulk transport within an animal's body
2. Closed Circulatory System
3. Open Circulatory System |
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
1. Fluid (blood) pumped within vessel system
2. Interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid between cells outside vessels |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid & interstitial fluid
2. Typically no blood cells |
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Term
| Animal Nutrition & Digestion |
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Definition
1. Basic similarities to animal cells lead to basic similarities in nutrition
2. However, different animal physiologies may lead to different nutritional demands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consume animal flesh or fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| eat both plant & animal material |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
1. Must be taken into the body
2. May need to be digested
3. May be used to make ATP
4. May be used as chemical building blocks, or as cofactors/coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules are often transported from area of digestion to animal's circulatory system |
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Term
| ATP energy can be used for |
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Definition
1. Transport work
2. Mechanical work
3. Chemical work |
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Term
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Definition
1. 5 categories of organic food molecules for complete nutrition
2. Inorganic nutrients (Minerals) |
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Term
| 5 categories of organic food molecules for complete nutrition |
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
5. Vitamins |
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Term
| Inorganic Nutrients (Minerals) |
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Definition
| Phosphate, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Iron, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain compounds cannot be synthesized from any ingested or stored precursor molecule |
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Term
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Definition
1. 8 required by many animals
2. Cannot be synthesized by animal's own cells
3. Are not stored-need constant supply
4. Carnivores & omnivores readily obtain all essential amino acids in meat
5. Most plant food sources do not contain every essential amino acid in sufficient quantity to fully supply an animal's nutritional needs |
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Term
| 8 required Essential Amino Acids by many animals |
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Definition
| Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine |
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Term
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Definition
1. Needed for building fats, phospholipids, steroid hormones
2. Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids cannot be synthesized by animal cells
3. Production of certain hormones requires intake of plant-derived fatty acids-Thromboxanes, Prostaglandins
4. Unsaturated fatty acids found primarily in plants
5. Strict carnivores obtain them from animal prey items |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Many required in only trace amounts (mineral micronutrients)
2. Some required in larger amounts (mineral macronutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cobalt
2. Copper
3. Iodine
4. Arsenic
5. SIlicon
6. Selenium
7. Manganese
8. Molybdenum |
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Term
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Definition
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorous
3. Magnesium
4. Sodium
5. Potassium
6. Iron
7. Zinc |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fat-soluble vitamins--stored in adipose tissue
2. Water-soluble vitamins--not stored
3. Not all animals require the same vitamins
4. Vitamins serve as coenzymes (play essential functions in enzyme catalyzed reactions) |
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