Term
| The light reflected most by chlorophyll is: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Allosteric inhibition is generally a result of: |
|
Definition
| binding regulatory molecules at a site other than the active site |
|
|
Term
| The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The removal of electrons from a compound is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light excites __________ in photosynthetic pigments. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis: |
|
Definition
| fix carbon dioxide into a stable organic molecule |
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|
Term
| During the electron transfer chain, which ions accumulate in the outer compartment of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of plants are adapted to hot, dry conditions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Krebs cycle takes place in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can be produced by photosynthesis
-is produced in the breakdown of organic molecules
-is generated in glycolysis
-all of these |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st law of thermodynamics? |
|
Definition
Energy- is neither created nor destroyed, but can be transferred
from one form to another |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics? |
|
Definition
• Entropy- (a measure of dispersal of energy in a system) increases
spontaneously
• The entropy of two atoms decreases when a bond forms between
them (endergonic reaction) |
|
|
Term
The total amount of energy available in the universe to do
work is always ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of energy in a molecule that is available to do work |
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Definition
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|
Term
A chemical change that occurs when atoms, ions, or molecules
interact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atoms, ions, or molecules that enter a reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atoms, ions, or molecules remaining at the end of a reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reactions that require a net input of energy (energy in) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reactions that end with a net release of energy (energy out) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The minimum amount of energy needed to get a reaction started |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A nucleotide with three phosphate groups that transfers a phosphate group and energy to other molecules |
|
Definition
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
|
|
Term
• A phosphate-group transfer
• ADP binds phosphate in an endergonic reaction to replenish ATP
(ATP/ADP cycle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• A catalyst that makes a specific reaction occur much faster than it
would on its own
• Most are proteins, some are RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Binding at enzyme active sites may bring on the transition
state by four mechanisms, which are? |
|
Definition
• Helping substrates get together
• Orienting substrates in positions that favor reaction
• Inducing a fit between enzyme and substrate (induced-fit model)
• Shutting out water molecules |
|
|
Term
• Atoms or molecules (other than proteins) that are necessary for
enzyme function
• Example: Iron atoms in catalase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Organic cofactors such as vitamins
• May become modified during a reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals (atoms
or molecules with unpaired electrons that attack biological
molecules) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
any series of enzyme-mediated reactions by
which a cell builds, rearranges, or breaks down an organic substance |
|
Definition
metabolic pathway
• Anabolic pathways build molecules
• Catabolic pathways break apart molecules
• Cyclic pathways regenerate a molecule from the first step |
|
|
Term
Regulatory molecules can bind to an allosteric site to activate
or inhibit enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• A molecule that gives up electrons is oxidized
• A molecule that accepts electrons is reduced
• Coenzymes can accept molecules in redox reactions (also called electron
transfers) |
|
Definition
| Oxidation-reduction reactions |
|
|
Term
A series of redox reactions in membrane-bound enzymes or
molecules that release energy in small, controlled steps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light emitted from metabolic reactions in living organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules
using the energy of light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The distance between the crests of two successive waves of light
(nm) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An organic molecule that selectively absorbs light of specific
wavelengths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• The most common photosynthetic pigment
• Absorbs violet and red light (appears green) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An organelle that specializes in photosynthesis in plants and
many protists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• A semifluid matrix surrounded by the two outer membranes of
the chloroplast
• Sugars are built here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Folded membrane that make up thylakoids
• Contains clusters of light-harvesting pigments that absorb
photons of different energies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Groups of molecules that work as a unit to begin the reactions of
photosynthesis
• Convert light energy into chemical energy |
|
Definition
| Photosystems (type I and type II) |
|
|
Term
• Light energy is transferred to ATP and NADPH
• Water molecules are split, releasing O2 |
|
Definition
| Light-dependent reactions |
|
|
Term
Energy in ATP and NADPH drives synthesis of glucose and other
carbohydrates from CO2 and water |
|
Definition
| Light-independent reactions |
|
|
Term
| Process by which light energy breaks down a molecule such as water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organized arrays of enzymes, coenzymes, and other proteins that
accept and donate electrons in a series |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A light-driven reaction that attaches a phosphate group to a
molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons cycle within photosystem I |
|
Definition
| Cyclic photophosphorylation |
|
|
Term
Electrons move from water to photosystem II, to photosystem I,
to NADPH |
|
Definition
| • Noncyclic photophosphorylation |
|
|
Term
Enzyme-mediated reactions that build sugars in the stroma of
chloroplasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Extraction of carbon atoms from inorganic sources (atmosphere)
and incorporating them into an organic molecule
• Builds glucose from CO2
• Uses bond energy of molecules formed in light-dependent
reactions (ATP, NADPH) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Enzyme ______ attaches CO2
to RuBP and forms two 3-carbon PGA molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Small openings through the waxy cuticle covering epidermal
surfaces of leaves and green stems
• Allow CO2
in and O2 out
• Close on dry days to minimize water loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Plants that use only the Calvin–Benson cycle to fix carbon
• Forms 3-carbon PGA in mesophyll cells
• Used by most plants, but inefficient in dry weather when stomata
are closed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• At high O2
levels, rubisco attaches to oxygen instead of carbon
• CO2
is produced rather than fixed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Plants that have an additional set of reactions for sugar
production on dry days when stomata are closed; compensates
for inefficiency of rubisco
• Forms 4-carbon oxaloacetate in mesophyll cells, then bundlesheath cells make sugar
• Examples: Corn, switchgrass, bamboo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Plants with an alternative carbon-fixing pathway that allows them
to conserve water in climates where days are hot
• Forms 4-carbon oxaloacetate at night, which is later broken down
to CO2
for sugar production
• Example:succulents, cactuses |
|
Definition
| CAM plants(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) |
|
|
Term
Organisms that make their own food using energy from the
environment and inorganic carbon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organisms that get energy and carbon from organic molecules
assembled by other organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Extract energy and carbon from simple molecules in the
environment (hydrogen sulfide, methane)
• Used before the atmosphere contained oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Use photosynthesis to make food from CO2 and water, releasing
O2
• Allowed oxygen to accumulate in the atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selection pressure on evolution of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Development of ATP-forming reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Formation of ozone (O3
) layer |
|
Definition
| Protection from UV radiation |
|
|
Term
Aerobic metabolic pathways (using oxygen) are used by most
eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anaerobic metabolic pathways (occur in the absence of oxygen)
are used by prokaryotes and protists in anaerobic habitats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with
________, which converts one molecule of glucose into two
molecules of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fermentation is completed in the ________, yielding __ ATP per
glucose molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aerobic respiration is completed in ________, yielding __ ATP
per glucose molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
• Glycolysis
• Acetyl-CoA formation and Krebs cycle
• Electron transfer phosphorylation (ATP formation) |
|
|
Term
C6H12O6
(glucose) + O2
(oxygen) →
CO2
(carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Coenzymes NADH and FADH2
carry ________ and ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glycolysis starts and ends in the ________ of all prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Four ATP are formed by _________________ (net
2 ATP) |
|
Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
• A sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions that break down 1
acetyl CoA into 2 CO2
• Oxaloacetate is used and regenerated
• 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are formed
• 1 ATP is formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Occurs in mitochondria
• Results in attachment of phosphate to ADP to form ATP |
|
Definition
| Electron transfer phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
• Pyruvate is split into acetaldehyde and CO2
• Acetaldehyde receives electrons and hydrogen from NADH,
forming NAD+ and ethanol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen from NADH, forming
NAD+ and lactate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(“red” muscles) make ATP by
aerobic respiration
• Have many mitochondria
• Dominate in prolonged activity |
|
Definition
| Slow-twitch muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
(“white” muscles) make ATP by
lactate fermentation
• Have few mitochondria and no myoglobin
• Sustain short bursts of activity |
|
Definition
| Fast-twitch muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
When blood glucose concentration _____, the pancreas
increases _______ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When blood glucose concentration _____, the pancreas
increases _______ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ products enter glycolysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ products enter the Krebs cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
