Term
| How did William James describe consciousness? |
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Definition
| He described the mind as a stream of consciousness- a continuous flow or constant change in sensation, images, thoughts and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
-is an individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal
-includes awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences |
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Term
| What is is meant by arousal in relation to consciousness? |
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Definition
| Arousal is a physiological stated determined by the reticular activating system which is a network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus. |
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Term
| What are the 5 Levels of Awareness? |
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Definition
-Higher-Level Consciousness
-Lower-Level Consciousness
-Altered State of Consciousness
-Subconscious Awareness
-No Awareness |
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Term
| It is the most altered states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal. |
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Definition
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Term
This states pf consciousness requires little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities
-requires less consciousness effort than controlled processes |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Freud's interpretation of the unconscious mind? |
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Definition
| He viewed the unconscious as a storehouse for vile thoughts |
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Term
| Watching a classmate as he struggling to master the unfamiliar buttons on his new smart phone. He does not hear you humming or notice the intriguing shadow on the wall, What is this an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
-are daily behavioral or physiological cycles
-involves the sleep/wake cycle
-body temperature
-blood pressure
-blood sugar level |
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Definition
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Term
-Takes up about 1/2 or 1/3 of our lives
-tied to biological rhythms(fluctuations in temp., hormones, and brain activity) |
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Definition
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Term
-tied to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
-Desynchronizing and resetting the Biological Clock |
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Definition
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Term
| Plays a major role in keeping our biological clock running on time |
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Definition
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Term
| How does sleep deprivation effect us? |
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Definition
-Have poor memory
-Reduced Alertness and Performance
-Injury
-Health Problems
-decreases brain activity in thalamus and prefrontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
-Stage 1: drowsy or light sleep with theta waves
-Stage 2: light sleep forming sleep spindles with continued theta waves
-Stage 3 and 4: beginning of (slowest and highest brain waves during sleep) delta waves; deep sleep; relaxed muscles
-Stage 5: REM (rapid eye movement); dreaming occurs; fast waves similar to wakefulness |
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Term
-the inability to sleep
-common sleep problem
-are common in women who are thin, stressed or depressed |
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Definition
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Term
-immediately enter into REM sleep
-involves the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep
-individuals who have this disorder are often tired during the day or may fall asleep during talking or standing up |
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Definition
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Term
| -is the dream's surface content which contains dream symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Insomnia
-Narcolepsy
-Sleep talking or walking
-Sleep Apnea
-Nightmares or terrors |
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Term
| Freud's Psychodynamic Aproach to dreaming: |
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Definition
-Manifest Content
-Latent Content |
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Term
| - is the dream's hidden content, its unconscious and true meaning |
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Definition
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Term
| -The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect |
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Definition
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Term
| The two types of addiction |
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Definition
-physical dependence
-psychological dependence |
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Term
-is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons
-ex. feeling of well being or stress reduction |
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Definition
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Term
| -the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when discontinued |
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Definition
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Term
-psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity
ex. alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers and opiates |
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Definition
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Term
-called psychedelics, psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real
-ex. marijuana, LSD |
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Definition
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Term
-involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal
-the most alert state of consciousness |
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Definition
| Higher-Level Consciouness |
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Term
| -includes automatic processing that requires little attention as well as daydreaming |
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Definition
| Lower-Level Consciousness |
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Term
| -can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possible hypnosis, and sensory deprivation |
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Definition
| Altered State of Consciousness |
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Term
| -can occur when people are awake, as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming |
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Definition
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Term
Freud's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them
ex. being knocked out |
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Definition
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Term
is the retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes
-encoding
-storage
-retrieval |
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Definition
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Term
-Is the first step in memory
-the process by which information gets into memory storage |
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Definition
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Term
-requires attention
-works on different levels of processing
-elaboration
-imagery |
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Definition
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Term
-focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others
-brain's resources are limited |
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Definition
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Term
-involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
ex. listening to music or watching tv while reading a book at the same time
(multi - taskers) |
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Definition
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Term
-(called vigilance) is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
-ex. paying close attention to your notes while studying for an exam |
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Definition
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Term
-a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory
-memorizing a word:
*shallow: physical features
*Intermediate: labeling
*deep: giving meaning and relate to oneself |
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Definition
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Term
-the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding
-deep processing involves making connections
-can work through self-reference |
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Definition
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Term
-is one of the most powerful methods to encode memories
-(pavio)make for better memories |
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Definition
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Term
-is the retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory
-(Atkinson-Shiffrein Theory)involves three systems
-sensory memory
-short term memory
-long term memory |
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Definition
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Term
-limited capacity memory system
-information is retained for only as long as 30 sec
-can be extended with different strategies |
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Definition
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Term
-memory involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form
-incredibly short
-only lasts as a little longer than we see or hear
-has 2 subtypes of memory:
*echoic memory: auditory memory
*visual sensory memory |
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Definition
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Term
-is a relatively permanent type of memory
-estimated at 280 quintillion bits
-broken down into several structures to help explain how it works.
*Explicit: (who, what, where, when, and why)
*Implicit: (how) |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 parts of working memory did Baddeley define? |
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Definition
-phonological loop
-visuospatial working memory
-the central executive |
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Term
-is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language
-it has 2 separate components (acoustic code and rehearsal) |
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Definition
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Term
-stores visual and spatial information including visual imagery
-capacity working memory is limited
-functions separately from the Phonological loop |
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Definition
| Visuospatial working memory |
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Term
-integrates information from the phonological, visuospatial, and long term working memory
-plays an important role in attention, planning, and organizing
-monitors what needs to be ignored or deserves our attention
-limited; are generally on what we decide to recall |
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Definition
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Term
-maybe also called declarative memory
-is the conscious recollection of information, such as facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated |
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Definition
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Term
| Explicit memory has two subtypes |
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Definition
-episodic memory
-semantic memory |
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Term
-is the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happening
-basically how we remember life's episodes |
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Definition
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Term
-knowledge about the world including his or her areas of expertise;
-general knowledge such as of things learned in school and everyday knowledge |
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Definition
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Term
-known as non declarative memory
-is memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 subtypes in implicit memory |
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Definition
-procedural memory
-classical conditioning
-priming |
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Term
| is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster |
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Definition
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Term
a form of learning
-involves the automatic learning of associations between stimuli so that one comes to evoke the same response as the other |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| schemas for particular events, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences |
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Definition
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Term
| preexisting mental concepts or frameworks that help people to organize and interpret information |
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Definition
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Term
| -the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage |
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Definition
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Term
| is a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her own life experiences |
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Definition
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Term
| has 3 three levels consisting of; life time periods,general events, and event specific knowledge |
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Definition
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Term
-memories of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday event
-memories of traumatic events |
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Definition
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Term
| -is a defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it and then forgets |
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Definition
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Term
| -when the information was never entered into long-term memory |
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Definition
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Term
-theory that people forget not because other information gets in the way
-consist of proactive and retroactive inference |
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Definition
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Term
| -material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of later material |
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Definition
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Term
| -material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information |
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Definition
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Term
-when we learn something new, neurochemical memory trace forms but over time this trace disintegrate
-suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting |
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Definition
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Term
| forgetting about yourself but can take in new information |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| -the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing |
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Definition
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Term
-the cognitive process of manipulating information mentally by:
-forming concepts
-solving problems
-making decisions
-reflecting critically or creatively |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-allow us to generalize
-allow us to make associations
-aid memory
-provide clues about our environment |
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Term
| What is the prototype model? |
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Definition
emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept
-compare and look for family resemblance |
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Term
| 4 steps that make good problem solvers: |
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Definition
-find and frame problems
-develop good problem-solving strategies
-evaluate solutions
-rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time |
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Term
| involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations |
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Definition
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Term
| is reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance |
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Definition
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Term
-tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them
-ignoring relevant information
-ex. Bush knew about the 9/11 but didn't avoid it |
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Definition
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Term
| When you're not looking beyond a common use |
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Definition
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Term
-tendency to ignore information about the general principles favor of very specific but vivid information
-easy to remember isn't always the best information
-comes down to what we encode |
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Definition
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Term
-tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome
-" I knew it all along"
-tend to ignore all the predictions that didn't come true |
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Definition
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Term
-tendency to make judgements based on a stereotype rather than on available based rate information
-not taking into an account individual differences |
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Definition
| representative-ness heuristic |
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Term
-prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining certain events
-can effect occupational choice
-fear of flying after reports of plane crashes |
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Definition
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Term
-thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
-requires mindfulness and open-mindedness |
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Definition
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Term
| The 5 biases and heuristics that were discussed |
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Definition
-representative-ness Heuristic
-base rate fallacy
-hindsught bias
-availability heuristic
-confirmation bias |
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Term
| the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities |
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Definition
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Term
| the state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things |
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Definition
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Term
when referring tot he ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
-consist of divergent and convergent thinking |
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Definition
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Term
| thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem |
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Definition
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Term
| thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem |
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Definition
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Term
| what 4 traits do creative thinkers have? |
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Definition
-flexibility and playful thinking
-inner motivation
-willingness to face risk
-objective evaluation of one's own work |
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Term
-known as the difficult term to define
-can be influenced by one's culture
-all purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience |
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Definition
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Term
| what traits must good intelligence test have? |
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Definition
-validity
-reliability
-standardization |
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Term
| what is the calculation of mental age? |
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Definition
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Term
| How heritable is intelligence? |
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Definition
heritability tells us how much of the differences we observe in intelligence is attributable to differences in genes
-highest degree is 100 percent |
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Term
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Definition
| -one effect of education on intelligence is evident in rapidly increasing IQ test scores globally |
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Term
is a form of communication; can be spoken, written, or signed that is based on a system of symbols
-have infinite generativity |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 basis rules of language |
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Definition
-phonology
-morphology
-syntax
-semantics
-pragmatics |
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Term
| What did Noam Chomsky say concerning language? |
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Definition
-language is universals
-primed from birth to learn language
-we are hardwired for the basics of language
-does not come from imitation alone
-support from neuroscience |
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Term
| The sound system of a language |
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Definition
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Term
| a languages of rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences |
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Definition
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Term
| the language's rules for word formation |
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Definition
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Term
| the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language |
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Definition
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Term
| the useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate more meaning than is said |
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Definition
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Term
| what 3 things can parents do to impact language development in their children? |
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Definition
-be an active communication partner
-talk to the infant as if he or she understands what you are saying
-use a language style in which you feel comfortable |
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