Term
| In making a large pot of chili for a family reunion, you find that you have to add 1 onion to you r pot of chili that already has 5 onions mixed in it to notice a difference. According to Weber's Law, how may onions would you have to add to notice a difference if you are making twice as much chili with 10 onions? |
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Definition
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Term
| a study purportedly conducted by James Vicary teaches us what about the power of subliminal perception and its effect on advertising |
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Definition
| subliminal advertising is effective on those who believe in the power of the unconscious |
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Term
| you detect the strong smell of cedar when you enter a furniture store. However, after a short while in the store, you no longer can detect the smell. This process is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| which term refers to the amplitude of a light wave such as how high or low the wave is? |
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Definition
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Term
| When an ophthalmologist surgically corrects a patient's vision through LASIK or PRK, the doctor is making adjustments to the patient's |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of the eye hardens as we age thus causing many to suffer form presbyopia? |
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Definition
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Term
| a deer's inability to quickly respond to the headlights of an approaching car is due to what sensory phenomenon |
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Definition
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Term
| the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup are part of the |
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Definition
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Term
| john has played his music loudly for years. now, in his 20's, he finds he has a continuous ringing in both of his ears. what would john probably be diagnosed with |
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Definition
| regardless of the disorder, john will ultimately require a cochlear implant |
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Term
| studies show that taste preference can typicaly begin |
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Definition
| in the first 3-6 months after birth |
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Term
| jude is suffering from a severe cold. his nose has been stopped up for several days. what effect, if any, might his cold have on his sense of taste? |
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Definition
| his sense of taste will be dulled since taste and smell often work together |
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Term
| if a child suffers from congenital analgesia, why must he or she be careful when outside playing |
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Definition
| the child's sense of smell does not work properly |
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Term
| if tabitha closes her eyes when she rides in her parent's car, she can still tell that the car is moving. this is due to the movement of tiny crystals in the |
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Definition
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Term
| a child may sometimes play by quickly turning around in a circle. when the child stops, he or she often feels like his of her head is still spinning. what is responsible for this sensation? |
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Definition
| disruption of the otolith crystals |
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Term
| little karla is with her mother at the docks waiting for her daddy to return form his naval deployment. while the boast is still a ways out, her mother says, "there is daddy's boat" karla is confused. she cannot understand how her dad can be on a boat that is so small that she can hold up her thumb and the boat disappears. its safe to assume that karla does not yet understand |
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Definition
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Term
| from past experiences, you know that commercial jets typically fly around 500 miles per hour at a height of 30,000 feet. however, as you watch one fly high overhead, it seems to slowly pass by. what monocular depth cue best explains this |
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Definition
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Term
| the muller lyer illusion is influenced greatly by one's |
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Definition
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Term
| allison opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that she had the same puzzle when she was a child. with her past experience to rely upon, allison will probably use __________ to help her assemble the puzzle |
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Definition
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Term
| kip enjoys playing with sparklers on the 4th of july. he always loves watching a friend run with a sparkler and the momentary trail of light that seems to be left behind. which aspect of our visual system best explains this trail of light |
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Definition
| microsaccades of the eyes |
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Term
| what are sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| specialized forms of neurons that are activated by different stimuli such as light and sound |
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Term
| what is weber's law of just noticeable difference? |
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Definition
| the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is always a constant |
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Term
| what are subliminal stimuli? |
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Definition
| stimuli presented just below the level of conscious awareness, and subliminal perception has been demonstrated in the laboratory. it has not been shown to be effective in advertising |
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Term
| when does habituation occur? |
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Definition
| when the brain ignores a constant stimulus |
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Term
| when does sensory adaptation occur? |
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Definition
| when the sensory receptors stop responding to a constant stimulus |
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Term
| what does brightness correspond to |
|
Definition
| the amplitude of light waves |
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Term
| what does color correspond to |
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Definition
| the length of light waves |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological interpretation of wavelengths that are all the same (highly saturated) or varying (less saturated) |
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Term
| what is the path light travels through in the eye? |
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Definition
| cornea--> aqueous humor--> pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| the light on the retina. passes through ganglion and bipolar cells to stimulate rods and cones |
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Term
| what do rods do and where are they found |
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Definition
| detect changes in brightness. found everywhere in retina except the center (fovea) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| 3 colors in trichromatic theory of color perception |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 colors in opponent-process theory of color perception |
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Definition
| red, green, blue, and yellow |
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Term
|
Definition
| total lack of color perception |
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Term
| what is color-deficient vision |
|
Definition
| color perception that is limited to primarily yellows and blues or reds and greens only |
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Term
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Definition
| pitch (frequency), loudness, and timbre (purity) |
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Term
| path of sound through the ear |
|
Definition
| pinna (outer ear) --> eardrum --> small bones of the middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| the bone that rests on the oval window |
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Term
| where are auditory receptors and what do they do |
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Definition
| they are located in the organ of Corti on the basilar membrane; they send signals to the brain about sound qualities as they vibrate |
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Term
| what causes conduction hearing impairment |
|
Definition
| damage to the outer or middle ear structures |
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Term
| what causes nerve hearing impairment |
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Definition
| damage to the inner ear or auditory pathways in the brain |
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Term
| what are hearing aids used for |
|
Definition
| conductive hearing impairment |
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Term
| what are cochlear implants used for |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (brothy) |
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Term
| what kind of sense are olfaction and gustation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| pacinian corpuscles respond to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| certain nerve endings around hair follicles respond to |
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Definition
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Term
| free nerve endings respond to |
|
Definition
| pain, pressure, and temperature |
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Term
| what is the gate-control theory of pain |
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Definition
| when receptors sensitive to pain are stimulated, a neurotransmitter is released into the spinal cord, activating other pain receptors by opening "gates" in the spinal column and sending the message to the brain |
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Term
| how is motion sickness explained |
|
Definition
| by the sensory conflict theory; information from the eyes conflicts with information from the vestibular senses causing nausea |
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Term
| gestalt principles of perception |
|
Definition
| figure-ground relationships, closure, similarity, continuity, contiguity, and common region |
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Term
| linear perspective, relative size, overlap, aerial (atmospheric) perspective, texture gradient, motion parallax, and accommodation |
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Definition
| monocular cues for depth perception |
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Term
| binocular cues for depth perception |
|
Definition
| convergence and binocular overlap |
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Term
|
Definition
| perceptions that do not correspond to reality or are distortions of visual stimuli |
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Term
| a change in the quality or pattern of mental activity, such as increased alertness or divided consciousness, is called |
|
Definition
| an altered state of consciousness |
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Term
| the sleep-wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the pineal gland receives instructions from the ________ to release _____ |
|
Definition
| supracharismatic nucleus; melatonin |
|
|
Term
| what is involved in determining when we sleep? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what theory states that sleep is a product of evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| name the disorder: sitting, walking, or performing complex behavior while asleep |
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Definition
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Term
| name the disorder: extreme fear, agitation, screaming while asleep |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the disorder: uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the disorder: painful cramps in calf or foot muscles |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the disorder: excessive daytime sleepiness |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the disorder: disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work |
|
Definition
| circadian rhythm disorders |
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Term
| name the disorder: urinating while asleep in bed |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in what stage of sleep do people typically experience hypnogogic images? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a characteristic of N3 (NREM stage 3) sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| a person who relies heavily on sleeping pills or alcohol to sleep might experience ___________ the following night |
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Definition
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Term
| sleepwalking occurs in ___________ sleep, whereas nightmares occur in ______ sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| if you find yourself lying in bed unable to sleep for more than 20 minutes, what should you do? |
|
Definition
| get out of bed and find some light activity to do (e.g. reading a book) |
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Term
| in which disorder do people tend to snore in a very loud manner? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in freud's theory, the actual content of a dream is called |
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Definition
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Term
| michael finds that most of his dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. which theory of dreams best explains this? |
|
Definition
| activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Term
| according to calvin hall, what are most dreams centered around? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| freud says that dreams are a means of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| studies show that most people tend to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary key to hypnosis is finding someone who |
|
Definition
| accepts suggestions easily |
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Term
| "hey, i couldnt help it. i was hypnotized." what best explains this rationale for one's behavior while hypnotized? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| your friend tells you she is seeing a therapist who wishes to use hypnosis as part of her therapy. however, your friend is concerned that she might be hypnotized without knowing it. what might you tell her? |
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Definition
| that you actually hypnotize yourself and you cannot be hypnotized against your will |
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Term
| which theory of hypnosis includes the idea of a "hidden observer?" |
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Definition
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Term
| as consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of |
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Definition
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Term
| what drug's physical withdrawal symptoms include sever mood swings (crash), paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is true about nicotine? |
|
Definition
| nicotine's addictive power is more powerful than heroin or alcohol |
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Term
| _____________ is a tranquilizer that is also known as the "date rape" drug |
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Definition
|
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Term
| typically, narcotics have the ability to |
|
Definition
| suppress the sensation of pain |
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|
Term
| most studies of marijuana's effects have found that |
|
Definition
| it creates a powerful psychological dependency |
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Term
| 4 components that produce the circadian rhythm |
|
Definition
| activity of the hypothalamus, melatonin, neurotransmitter serotonin, and body temperature |
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Term
| how much sleep does the average adult need |
|
Definition
| 7-9 hours within each 24 hour period |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| indicated by the presence of sleep spindles, bursts of activity on the EEG |
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Term
|
Definition
| highlighted by the first appearance of delta waves, the slowest and largest waves, and the body is at its lowest level of functioning |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs 4 or 5 ties a night, replacing N1 after a full cycle through N1-N3 and then ascending back into lighter stages of sleep. |
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Term
| when do sleepwalking and sleeptalking occur |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when does paralysis of voluntary muscles occur |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the actual dream and its events |
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Term
|
Definition
| symbolic content of a dream |
|
|
Term
| what did hilgard believe about hypnosis |
|
Definition
| the person is in a state of dissociation, in which one part of consciousness is hypnotized and susceptible to suggestion, while another part is aware of everything that occurs |
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Term
| what is the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis |
|
Definition
| the hypnotized subject is merely playing a social role- that of the hypnotized person |
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Term
| how are drugs physically addictive |
|
Definition
| the user's body craves the drug. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tranquilizers; have a sedative effect |
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|
Term
| what are valium and xanax |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what can excessive alcohol use lead to |
|
Definition
| alcoholism, health problems, loss of control, and death |
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Term
|
Definition
| pain-relieving depressants that are derived from the opium poppy |
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|
Term
| what is the earliest form of narcotics |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has the ability to control the symptoms of heroin or morphine withdrawal without the euphoria or "high" of heroin or morphine |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are hypnogogic hallucinations |
|
Definition
| vivid, realistic hallucinations that occur in N1 |
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|
Term
| what are hypnpompic hallucinations |
|
Definition
| hallucinations that occur when awakening form REM sleep |
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Term
| Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is since staying up late to watch a movie. thus, if jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is sage to say that she is in |
|
Definition
| a state of waking consciousness |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the sun begins to set, winston finds himself becoming more and more sleepy. what structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carlos is pulling an all-nighter in preparation for his big psychology test tomorrow. according to the research, what is the result on carlos' memory when he deprives of sleep the night prior to his exam |
|
Definition
| carlos will actually remember less if he deprives himself of sleep the night before |
|
|
Term
| your uncle karl, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesnt sleep as well as he did when he was younger. for many years, he regularly slept about 7-8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s he tends to get only 5-6 hours of sleep per night. what would you tell him? |
|
Definition
| getting less sleep seems to be a common consequence of agins |
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|
Term
| you find yourself driving very late at night. as you are driving, you realize that you actually were falling off to sleep for a couple of seconds. such a phenomenon is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| studies have found that certain chemicals that help repair damaged cells only function while we sleep. what theory best explains this? |
|
Definition
| the restorative theory of sleep |
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|
Term
| in which stage of sleep do spindles occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Josef has had a very demanding day. though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. what type of sleep will Josef probably require more of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism. what is another name for that? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| gerald has difficulty falling off to sleep. harley can fall of to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dale typically sleeps for 10 hours. all three are tired and not rested upon rising. who seems to be experiencing insomnia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very young infants who suffer from sleep apnea may be more at risk for SIDS. why might these infants have difficulty breathing? |
|
Definition
| the brain stem is not yet fully mature |
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|
Term
| bill suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. What is this called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Calvin had a dream about his dog snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldnt find him. in reality, calvins dog had died after being hit by a car. according to sigmund freud, his dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of _____________, while the inner meaning that he misses his dog terrible is an example of ___________. |
|
Definition
| manifest content; latent content |
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|
Term
| when tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. what theory best explains her dreams? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| jackie has found that when she tries to quit drinking, she gets headaches, has night seats, and shakes uncontrollably. such a reaction is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. while hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn't know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. what theory best explains this behavior? |
|
Definition
| the social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the most commonly used and abused depressant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| learning can be best described as |
|
Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior |
|
|
Term
| michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is essential to classical conditioning |
|
Definition
| the CS and UCS must come close together in time |
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|
Term
| ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, angelica has been afraid of all dogs. the fact that she is not only afraid of the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| helen has overcome her fear of toy snakes. however, on one occasion her fear returned when she found a toy snake in the cushions of her couch. such a reaction is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in watson's experiences with little albert, the conditioned stimulus was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is this an example of: as a young child, tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were afraid of them. subsequently, tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cindy had cheesy tacos at a local mexican restaurant. later she became terribly ill and suffered both bouts of nausea and vomiting. what might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research? |
|
Definition
| she will probably get nauseous the next time she tried to eat a cheesy taco |
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|
Term
| rescorla found that the CS must ________ the UCS for conditioning to take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is this an example of: john, a teenager, gets compliments from carla for wearing a nice shirt. subsequently, john wears the shirt whenever he thinks he will be seeing Carla. |
|
Definition
| Thorndike's law of effect |
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Term
| to a dog, __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| with operant conditioning, _________ are important in forming an association, whereas with classical conditioning, __________ are important in forming an association |
|
Definition
| consequences; antecedent stimuli |
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|
Term
| joe owned a small repair shop. each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. what schedule of reinforcement is evident here? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| little Jimmie's mother was upset to find that Jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Jimmie found all his blocks had been pick up and put into a bag on the top of the fridge. Jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next two days. Which type of discipline is used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The study of keller and Marian Breland found that instinctive drift in animal behavior is |
|
Definition
| genetically determined and not under the influence of learning |
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|
Term
| tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Tabitha plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. This is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is this an example of: agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves, and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently |
|
Definition
| applied behavior analysis |
|
|
Term
| neurofeedback is a form of _________ and works to change a person's __________ through a series of reinforcements |
|
Definition
| biofeedback; brain activity |
|
|
Term
| In Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to meant that these particular rats |
|
Definition
| had already learned the maze in the first 9 days |
|
|
Term
| lisa's parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Lisa to bake the pies herself, lisa panics at first but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what theory is commonly referred to as the "aha?" phenomenon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| research by steven maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the _____________ which helps subjects determine what is controllable |
|
Definition
| ventromedial prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Bandura's studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as? |
|
Definition
| learning/performance distinction |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning? |
|
Definition
| attention, memory, imitation, desire |
|
|
Term
| who discovered classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are things called unconditioned? |
|
Definition
| because they are not learned |
|
|
Term
| why are things called conditioned? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes some conditioned responses more easily learned than others? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who coined "operant conditioning"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can punishment be made more effective |
|
Definition
| by making it immediate and consistent and by pairing punishment of the undesirable behavior with reinforcement of the desirable one |
|
|
Term
| what did bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrate |
|
Definition
| young children will imitate the aggressive actions of a model even when there is no reinforcement for doing so |
|
|
Term
| sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at home, you rattle the chain on your dog's leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the least to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the cold winter, you have stopped taking you dog for walks. What's more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn't going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn't come running to the front door. what has occurred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rhonda had tartar sauce on her fish one night. the next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. the next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to |
|
Definition
| a conditioned taste aversion |
|
|
Term
| caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this example as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blake finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out? |
|
Definition
| Thorndike's law of effect |
|
|
Term
| in classical conditioning, behavior typically is _________ whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do secondary reinforcers get their power from |
|
Definition
| pavlov's classical conditioning |
|
|
Term
| positive reinforcement results in a _________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a ___________ in the target behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| belinda has a terrible headache. if she takes some aspirin so as to maker her headache go away, this would be an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ben gets paid every 2 weeks. in one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. during another 2 week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. what schedule of reinforcement is being used? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment? |
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Definition
| negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response |
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Term
| what is this an example of: a mother ignores her child's temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away |
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Definition
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Term
| studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. what does this mean? |
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Definition
| the animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert back to their genetically controlled patters of behavior |
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Term
| Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, "it just cam to me out of nowhere." Psychologists would refer to this as |
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Definition
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| Jody failed repeatedly in college algebra. finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. one day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance? |
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Definition
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Definition
| attention, memory, imitation, desire |
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| darla has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1-2 hours each day. however she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura's model of observational learning will explain why darla has not started a similar weight loss program? |
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Definition
| Darla is not motivated nor does she have the desire to begin the program |
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Term
| human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from _______ to _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ruth has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Ruth's problem is in the memory process of |
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Definition
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Term
| which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously? |
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Definition
| parallel distributed processing model |
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Term
| research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for specific words if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory? |
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Definition
| levels-of-processing model |
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Term
| ___________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said |
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Definition
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Term
| information enters into short-term memory through a process known as _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of memory is similar to a computer hard drive? |
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Definition
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Term
| amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information form short-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal? |
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Definition
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| Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a _____________ memory |
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Definition
| nondeclarative (implicit) |
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Term
| when you take your final exam in you psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question? |
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Definition
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Term
| what concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom? |
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Definition
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Term
| Jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. this is an example of the |
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Definition
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Term
| multiple-choice test questions rely on ________ while essay questions rely on ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| studies by Elizabeth Loftus find that memory |
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Definition
| is highly fluid and can be altered by the person even when the person is unaware he or she is doing it |
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Term
| Felisha can recall with great detail the day of her weeding and all that occurred. What might psychologists say about these particular flashbulb memories? |
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Definition
| the memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments |
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Term
| studies show that as time passes, memories |
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Definition
| tend to become more and more inaccurate |
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Term
| In Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond? |
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Definition
| many subjects' overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information |
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Term
| aaron has no memory of how he got home from a party. He then convinces himself that he must have been abducted by aliens while walking home. Subsequently, he is hypnotized in an attempt to help increase his memories of that evening. Based on the research of memory recall through hypnosis, what might we learn? |
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Definition
| aaron may unknowingly create false memories of what happened that night to justify his belief |
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Term
| a key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information is |
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Definition
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Term
| raven has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She had 100 percent recall at the end of the class. According to Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, how quickly will Raven likely forget about 40 percent of the information she has just learned? |
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Definition
| within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class |
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Term
| collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he "forgot" but in reality Collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the __________ explanation of forgetting |
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Definition
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Term
| Shantel spent a year living abroud in Spain. During that time, her ability to read and speak Spanish grew tremendously. However, now, two years later, Shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. Her problem is most likely due to |
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Definition
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Term
| Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his _________ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures |
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Definition
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Term
| which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in Alzheimer's patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three processes of memory? |
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Definition
| encoding, storage, and retrieval |
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Term
| what is false memory syndrome? |
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Definition
| the creation of false or inaccurate memories through suggestion, especially when hypnotized |
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Term
| where are procedural memories stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are short-term memories stored? |
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Definition
| prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex |
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Term
| where are semantic and episodic memories stored? |
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Definition
| frontal and temporal lobes |
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Term
| what is the hippocampus responsible for? |
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Definition
| the storage of long-term declarative memories |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy can disrupt: |
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Definition
| consolidation and cause retrograde amnesia |
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Term
| what can one with anterograde amnesia remember? |
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Definition
| memories prior to the accident, but cannot recall things after |
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Term
| what is the primary memory difficulty in Alzheimer's disease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| several unidentified things |
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Term
| the steps to memory can best be described as follows: |
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Definition
| putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out |
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Term
| according to sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory? |
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Definition
| everything that can be seen at one time |
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Term
| which type of memory best explains the "what?" phenomenon? |
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Definition
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Term
| for information to travel from sensory memory to short-term memory, it must first be __________ and then encoded primarily into _________ form |
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Definition
| selectively attended to; auditory |
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Term
| you are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person's name. what amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory? |
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Definition
| typically between 12 and 30 seconds |
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Term
| early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately __________ bits of information |
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Definition
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Term
| Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do? |
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Definition
| Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas |
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Term
| _______ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas _________ memory is about what people know and can report |
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Definition
| nondeclarative; declarative |
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Term
| the semantic network model of memory suggests that the _________ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information |
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Definition
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Term
| phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room. however, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specifically hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory? |
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Definition
| Phineas should return to his office to help remember what he had forgotten |
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Term
| what is an example of a test using recognition? |
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Definition
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Term
| when creating a presentation, many public speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions? |
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Definition
| serial position phenomenon |
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Term
| your mother tells you to dress for success at you interview because it's all about "first impressions." In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call |
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Definition
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Term
| the tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the united states was attacked on 9-11, is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| in Herman Ebbinghaus's classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| you are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln's head faces the left or the right on the penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information? |
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Definition
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Term
| Harry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call |
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Definition
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Term
| your english instructor has given you an assignment to write down you most favorite memory from when you were 12 months old. What might you tell him? |
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Definition
| students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early stage |
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