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Definition
| Protiens used to package DNA in eukarayotes. |
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Definition
| They consist of DNA wound around histone molecules. |
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Definition
before a cell divides, it duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies.
* They are not one of the 23 pairs. 1 of the 23 pairs would be 2 sets of chromotids. |
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Definition
| it's a narrow waist that sister chromotides are joined together by. |
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Term
| What are the 2 distinct phases in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
90%- Interphase (not spliting the cell in half)
10%- Mitotic Phase ( spilting the cell in half) |
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| During Interphase a cell.... |
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Definition
- Performs its normal functions
- Doubles everything in its cytoplasm
- Grows in size |
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Term
| In the Mitotic phase what 2 overlapping processes occur? |
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Definition
1. Mitosis, in which the nucleus and it's contents divide evenly into daughter nuclei.
2. Cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm is divided in two. |
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| In Mitosis what are the 4 distinct Phases? |
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Definition
1. Prophase- Chromosomes Condense
2. Metaphase- Chromosomes Align
3. Anaphase- Chromosomes Seperate
4. Telophase- Chromosomes Relax
Remember -PMAT (self reminder Pacey's PMAT) |
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| In the cycle what phases does Interphase and the Mitotic phase have? |
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Definition
Interphase- G1, S & G2
Mitotic Phase- M Phase |
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Term
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Definition
- Occurs during Telephase
- Divides the cytoplasm
- Is different in plant and animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received ( think of traffic lights) |
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Term
| What are the 3 cell checkpoints? |
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Definition
1. G2 checkpoint
2. M checkpoint
3. G1- which is very important, its the hardest checkpoint to get past.
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Term
| What is the cell cycle controlled by? |
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Definition
Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases, which fluctuate with the cell phase.
MPH (maturation-promoting factor) is a cyclin/CDK complex that triggers the M phase.
It goes CDK, CDK, Cyclin MPH |
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Definition
| Insulin ( which makes you fat) and hGH growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
* Cancer causes the loss of control of cell replication.
* DNA damage causes loss of messenger protiens that contro the cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
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| What happens when a Tumor Metastasises? |
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Definition
| Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
* Happens in the Ovary's and Testes
* Sexual reproduction that combines the genes of 2 organisms
When the sperm meets the egg it has 23 chromosomes -Sperm cell 23 Chromosomes - one chromosome from each pair = Fertilized egg 46 Chromosomes! |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction (star fish) as well as the splitting of cells for growth and maintenance produces copies of the same gene. |
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Definition
is an image that reveals an ordery arrangement of chromosomes.
EX- Human and horses have different Karyotypes ( theres no such thing as half man half horse) |
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Term
| Whats the process of Meiosis? |
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Definition
1. Interphase- "the cross over"
2. Meiosis 1- 2 daughter nuclel ( sister chromids stay together)
3. Meiosis 2- 4 daughter nuclel |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a chromosome pair fail to separate during anaphase, producing gamets with an incorrect number of chromosomes.. it can occur in Meiosis1 or 2. |
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Term
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Definition
are the offspring of 2 different true-breeding varieties.
- Parental plants are- P generation
- hybrib offspring- F1 generation
- cross of F1 plants form F2 generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| both alleles are identical |
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Term
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Definition
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| What is the Phenotype determined by? |
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Definition
The DOMINANT allele.
If a White and Purple flower have the same 2 genes they will produce purple flowers. |
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Definition
* most human genetic disorders are ressesive
* individuals who have the ressesive allele but appear normal are carriers of the disorder. |
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Definition
| is the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA |
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Definition
is the synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA.
* ribosomes are the sites of translation. |
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Term
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Definition
* there r 20 amino acids but there are only 4 nucleotide bases in DNA.
* 3 nucleotides correspond to an amino acid codon.
64 possible combo's from 3 can be made up from ACGT.
A GOES WITH T
G GOES WITH C.
A GOES WITH U
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Term
| 3 STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION |
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Definition
* Initiation
*Elongation
* Termination
(I E T) |
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