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| Endocrine system is a series of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the __________ system |
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| Endocrine organs & Hormones |
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| hormones travel to regions of teh body and_______________________ |
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| signal physiological responses |
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| which system does the endocrine system cooperate with? |
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| slower response but effect usually lasts longer |
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| The study of hormones and endocrine glands |
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endo or exo?
secreteonto body surface or into cavity |
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endo or exo?
secretions travel directly onto target |
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endo or exo?
secretions are usually fluids, lube, enzymes |
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endo or exo?
Ex. sweat, salivary, mucous |
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endo or exo?
secrete hormones |
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endo or exo?
function is regulation homeostasis |
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endo or exo?
hormones dumped right into blood stream, act on target cells |
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| name the pure endocrine organs |
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pituitary glands
pineal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland |
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| name the endocrine organs belonging to other body systems |
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pancreas
thymus
gonads
hypothalamus |
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| give an example of an organ that can secrete hormones too |
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amino acids(proteins)
steroid (lipid) |
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-cirulate through bloodstream, leave through capilariesand affect only the target cellls
-target cells have receptors where hormones bind
-hormones themselves are just triggers which set off preprogrammed responses |
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| what are the 3 major types of stimuli? |
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-secretion in response to levels of ions and nutrients in the blood
-simplist endocrine control mechanism
-ex. parathyroid gland monitors calcium of blood adn responds to declines by releasing hormones in increase calcium levels |
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-secretion in response to nervous system
-ex. sympathetic nerver fibers stimulate teh cells in the adrenal medulla to release epiniphrine and norepinephrine |
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-secretion in response to hormones secreted by other glads
-ex. hypothalamus secretes hormones which stimulate the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads to secrete hormones |
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pituitary gland
anterior lobe(adenohypophysis)location |
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| ventral portion under hypothalamus |
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pituitary gland
anterior lobe(andenohypophysis)secretions |
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| hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues(called tropic or stimulating hormones) |
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secretion of anterior lobe
growth hormone(GH;somatotropin) |
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| regulates growth of body cells promotes cell division |
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secretions of anterior lobe
melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH) |
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| causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin |
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secretions of anterior lobe
thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH;thyrotropin) |
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| regulates thyroid gland, but hypothalamus also partially contronls |
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secrtions of anterior lobe
adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) |
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| promotes functioning of adrenal cortex |
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secretions anterior lobe
follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) |
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| in females it regulates monthly development of follicle and egg and secretion of estrogen |
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secretions anterior lobe
luteinizing hormone(LH) |
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-works with FSH
-in females helps bring about ovulation, formation of proesterone
-in males it stimulates testosterone development and secretion |
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secretions anterior lobe
prolactin |
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| secreted in both males and females, but functions more in females after birth;responsible for milk production |
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| targets of the anterior lobe |
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| other endocrine glands(thyroid, adrenal, gonads) |
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| effects of the anterior lobe |
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| generally stimulates tissue growth, and gland secretion, essential for growth, development maturation |
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pituitary gland
posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) location |
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| dorsal is considered part of the brain; has nervous tissue |
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| pituitary gland secretions |
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| ADH(antidiuretic hormone or vasopression) |
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| pituitary gland targets/effects |
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~ADH
-kidney=helps to retain water (decrease urine flow) ~oxytocin
-uterus=contractions, deliveries
-breasts=lactation |
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| anterior neck, inferior to the larynx;just below adams apple |
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thyroid hormone(TH);2 simuliar molecules
-** released when signaled by TSH
-thyroxine= T4, triiodothyronine=T3 -peptide hormone which contians iodine, needed for funtion
-targets almost all body tissues to increase basal metabolic rate Calcitonin
- targets bones
- retains calcium inhibits osteoclasts(decreases blood calcium, keeps calcium in bones) |
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| parathyroid gland location |
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| 4 tiny glands, superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of the posterior thyroid |
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| parathyroid hormone(PTH), protein hormone made by cheif cells |
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| parathyroid targets/effects |
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bone: increases calcium release
small intestine: increases Ca absorption (by activating Vitamin D)
kidneys: decreases Ca excretion
NET effect: increases Ca in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones |
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| adrenal cortex definition |
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| bulk of gland, controlled by ACTH from anterior pituitary |
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| secretes over 30 hormones called corticosteroids |
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adrenal cortex
secretions |
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-2 classes: mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
-aldosterone= mineralocorticoid that targets the kidney
-cortisol=glucocorticoid that targets the liver and muscles |
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adrenal medulla
controlled by |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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adrenal medulla
secretion |
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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| all sympathetic target organs |
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reinforces sympathetic massactivation,
hormonal effect lasts longer (10 x longer)
flight or fight reposnse |
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| roof of third ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain |
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| function is unkown in humans |
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| helps regulate circadian rhythm, sleep, increases secreation in the dark |
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| posterior abdominal wall, middle left side(stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it) |
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| pancreas secretions(protein hormones) |
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pancreaticislets are responsible for endocrine function- 2 cell types (alpha, beta)
Glucagon: helps to release fuel into bloodstream-comes from alpha islet cells
insulin: helps to store glucose/fuel(decrease amount in bloodstream)- comes from beta islets cells
-thus insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect |
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| glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store as glycogen |
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| farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum(base of neck)-in front of arota, behind sternum |
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| thymic hormone (thymosin, thymopoietin);peptide hormone |
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| lymphoid tissues(especially nodes) |
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| increases lymphocyte production especially T cells; helps maintain immunity- gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty |
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| gonads: female ovaries location |
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| upper pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus |
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| gonads: females ovaries secretion |
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| not purely endocrine gland; also preduces egg cells, estrogen, progesterone (steroids) |
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estrogens- most body tissues, growth adn development, sex drive
progesterone- uterus- edometrial proliferation in pregnancy (preping uterus for implantation) |
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| gonads: male-testes loaction |
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| gonads: male-testes secretions |
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| androgens(steroids; primarily testosterone) |
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| gonads: male-testes endo or exo? |
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| not purely endo, produces sperm |
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| gonads: male-testes targets/effects |
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| most body tissues; growth and development, sex drive |
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| Heart endocrine structure |
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| ANP decreases excess blood volume, high BP and high sodium concentration- stimulates kidney to increase salt secretions |
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GI tract (stomach & intestines):
gastrin |
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| released by stomach- stimulates HCl |
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| released by small intestine- stimulates gall bladder, pancreatic juices |
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| released by small intestine- stimulate gallbladder, pancreatic juices |
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| released by small intestine- inhibits gastric emptying and secretion |
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| GI tract: targets and effects |
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| secretions and activity of GI tract |
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| red bone marrow, stimulate RBC production |
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| Skin: endocrine structure |
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| precusor to vitamin D is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposer to UV light signals calcium absorption from small intestine |
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| endo system disorders: Pituitary |
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gigantism: tumor causes hypersecreation of GH in children (extreme tallness)
Acromegaly: excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse(enlargement of hands, feet, face) |
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| endo system disorders: Pituitary |
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gigantism: tumor causes hypersecreation of GH in children (extreme tallness)
Acromegaly: excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse(enlargement of hands, feet, face) |
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| endo system disorders: pancreas |
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diabetes mellitus: insufficient insulin or inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high)
type 1- need insulin injected
type 2-"adult onset" reduced insulin sensitivity |
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| endo system disorders: Thyroid |
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graves' disease: oversecretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating, etc.)
Hypothyroidism: hyposecretions of thyroid hormone (low metabollic rate, weight gaine, lethargy, etc)
Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine |
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