Term
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Definition
| new "arrangements" of alleles due to independent assortment or crossing over (AB --> Ab) |
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Term
| when does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| recombinant vs parental offspring |
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Definition
recombinant - offspring in which cross-overs occurred in the gametes that produced them; parental - offspring did not experience crossing over
parentals are much more abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| genes located on the same chromosome that do not appear to assort independently |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sequence upstream of the start of the gene that encodes the RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| specifies where transcription stops |
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Term
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Definition
| 5'-TTGACA-3', -35 nucleotides upstream from transcription start site in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| 5'-TATAAT-3', -10 nucleotides upstream from transcription start site in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| holoenzyme, initiates transcription in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| ensures that RNA polymerase binds in a stable way only at promoters (prokaryotes) |
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Term
RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III |
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Definition
I - catalyzes synthesis of three of the RNAs found in ribosomes, located in nucleolus
II - synthesizes mRNAs and some snRNAs, located in nucleoplasm
III - synthesizes tRNAs, snRNAs not made by RNA pol II, located in nucleoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| 5'-TATAAAA-3' specifies where the transcription machinery assembles and determines where transcription will begin (eukaryotes) |
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Term
| CAAT box (-75) and CG box (-90) |
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Definition
| work in either orientation, play a role in determining the efficiency of the promoter |
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Term
| 5' untranslated region (leader sequence) |
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Definition
| untranslated part of an mRNA molecule extending from the 5' end to the first start codon; contains info for directing initiation of protein synthesis at the translation start site |
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Term
| 3' untranslated region (trailer sequence) |
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Definition
| untranslated part of an mRNA molecule beginning at the end of the amino acid-coding sequence and extending to the 3' end of the mRNA |
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Term
| role of enhancer in regulating transcription |
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Definition
enhancers are sequences (elements) needed for maximal transcription; cis-acting (same strand); not genes, no products, not a modifier gene subtype
enhancers interact with activators and co-activators, basal TFs, and RNA pol in 3D structure with DNA to cause maximal transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| genes whose products are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are; always active in growing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of genes, the expressions of which are regulated togethr by operator-repressor protein interactions, plus the operator region itself and the promoter |
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Term
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Definition
initiation - (prokaryotes) core enzyme directed to promoter by sigma factor, (eukaryotes) RNA pol directed to promoter by transcription factors
elongation - RNA pol builds mRNA, some proofreading
termination - (prokaryotes) rho dependent or rho independent with hairpin + U=A string, (eukaryotes) poly site 5'-AAUAA-3' |
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Term
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Definition
lac I+ - repressor binds allolactose (inducer)
lac O+ - binds operator as long as repressor bound to operator RNA pol will not trancribe lac operon
lac Z+ - beta-galactosidase converts lactose into galactose and glucose
lac Y+ - permease allows lactose into the cell
lac A+ - acetylase seems to insure that beta gal. works on lactose and doesn't metabolize the "wrong" sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| histones are acetylated by lysine acetyl transferases (KATs), neutralizes the positive charge of lysine residues |
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Term
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Definition
| remodeling by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis; complex may slide nucleosome along DNA exposing sites for DNA binding proteins, restructure the nucleosome in place, or transfer the nucleosome from one DNA molecule to another |
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Term
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Definition
| silencing involving DNA methyltransferases modifying cytosines to produce 5-methylcytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| expression of certain genes is determined by whether the gene is inherited from the female or male parent |
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Term
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Definition
| using different exon combinations from the same gene to make more than one protein |
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Term
| alternate polyadenylation |
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Definition
| polyadenylation on a different exon on one protein than another from the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genome size |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes the IR sequences of the element to initiate transposition |
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Term
| autonomous vs nonautonomous elements |
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Definition
| can transpose by themselves, cannot transpose by themselves because they lack the gene for transposition, often defective derivative of the autonomous element in the family |
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Term
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Definition
| heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence |
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Term
| what effect did genistein have on offspring? |
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Definition
| brown fur (pseudoagouti), less likely to be obese |
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