Term
| What are the 3 parts of the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What opacity is the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the signs seen with a distended bladder and what are some of the causes? |
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Definition
-small bowel displaced cranially
-may be normal in housebroken animals, secondary to trauma, congenital defects, or lower urinary tract obstruction, disc herniation |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of a small bladder? |
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Definition
-usually a post-evac bladder
-could be non-distensible: severe cystitis, neoplasia |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of pathological changes of bladder shape? |
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Definition
-loss of bladder tone and spasm
-neoplasia
-obstruction (turgid appearing) |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of cranial bladder displacement? |
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Definition
-can be normal in a cat
-prostate or uterine disease |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of caudal bladder displacement? |
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Definition
| -perineal hernias or abdominal masses |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of ventral bladder displacement? |
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Definition
-distal colon and rectal distention
-uterine enlargement
-hernia |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of dorsal bladder displacement? |
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Definition
| -really just abdominal mass |
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Term
| What are some of the explanations for the lack of bladder visibility radiographically? What do we do next? |
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Definition
-immediately following urination
-with insufficient peritoneal fat
-if overlying structures are silhouetting with the bladder
-improer technique
-rupture
-hernia
-diagnose with positive contrast cystogram |
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Term
| What are the possible causes in mineralization opacity in the baldder? |
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Definition
-calculi: triple phosphate, calcium, oxalate, and magnesium
-neoplasia: mucosal calcification that is more diffuse/linear |
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Term
| What kinds fo calculi are radiolucent? |
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Definition
| -urate and cystine calculi |
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Term
| What is the usual cause of free luminal gas in the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the usual cause of gas in the bladder wall? |
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Definition
| -emphysematous cystitis secondary to diabetes mellitus (pathognomonic) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of contrast cystography? |
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Definition
| -evaluate size, shape, location, and integrity of the bladder wall |
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Term
| What are some indications of contrast cystography? |
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Definition
*suspected bladder rupture
*suspect bladder tumor
*chronic cystitis
*radiolucent calculi
-urinary bladder diverticuli
-incontinence
-determine bladder location
-congenital anomalies
-evaluate extent of prostatic/urethral disease
-evaluate lcoation of extrinsic masses |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of negative contrast cystography? |
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Definition
-A: location and shape
-D: not good for mucosal detail and evaluation of luminal filling defects |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of positive contrast cystography? |
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Definition
-A: bladder, shape, location, and integrity
-D: poor for assessing small filling defects and mucosal detail |
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Term
| What is the procedure of choice for bladder wall disease, mucosal changes, and luminal filling defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we use for negative contrast media? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we use for positive contrast? |
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Definition
-different formulations of organic ioding
-NEVER BARIUM |
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Term
| How should the normal bladder wall appear on contrast cystography? |
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Definition
| -wall should be no more than 1-2 mm thick and the mucosal surface should be smooth |
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Term
| What are some of the possible complicaitons of contrast cystography? |
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Definition
-iatrogenic rupture
-inflammation of bladder wall
-iatrogenic infection
-kinked urinary catheter
-air emboli |
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Term
| Where do we see bladder wall thickening due to cystitis? |
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Definition
| -cranioventral aspect of the baldder |
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Term
| Where do we see bladder wall thickening with neoplasia? |
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Definition
-usually at trigone with irregular mucosal surface
-broad, sessile base
-mineralization |
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Term
| What is the most common neoplasia fund in the bladder? |
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Definition
| -transitional cell carcinoma |
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Term
| What does a diverticulum of the bladder look like on contrast cystography? |
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Definition
-small protrusion or out-pouching of bladder lumen along cranioventral margin of bladder
-congenital or acquired
-urine retention leads to cystitis |
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Term
| How does a bladder rupture appear on survey rads? On positive contrast cystography? |
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Definition
-partial or complete loss of bladder visualization with dec in serosal detail
-incomplete distention of bladder with leakage of contrast into the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
| What is the gold standard for dignosing a bladder ruptrue? |
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Definition
| -positive contrast cystography |
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Term
| What is the typical cause of bladder rupture? |
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Definition
-trauma
-can also be secondary to neoplasia |
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Term
| What diagnostic method is optimal for diagnosing intraluminal filling defects in the bladder? How does it appear? Examples? |
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Definition
-double contrast cystogram
-intraluminal filling defect is radiolucent when surrounded by contrast
0ex: calculi, blood clots, air bubbles, foreign bodies that gravitate towards the dependent portion of the bladder |
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Term
| Describe the typical location and appearance of calculi in the bladder. |
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Definition
-central aspect of the pool
-vary in shape |
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Term
| Describe the typical location and appearance of blood clots in the bladder. |
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Definition
-central and mobile
-irregular borders and more elongated |
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Term
| Describe the typical location and appearance of air bubbles in the bladder. |
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Definition
-PERIPHERY
-perfectly round with smooth borders |
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Term
| How does the female urethra differ from that of the male? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the male urethra? |
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Definition
-prostatic urethra: bladder to prostate
-membranous urethra: prostate to ischium
-penile urethra: ischium to urethra |
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Term
| Which part of the male urethra is the widest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a urethrogram? Indications for use? |
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Definition
-retrograde filling of the urethra with positive ocntrast medium
-dysuria, prostatic disease, urinary obstruction, calculi, hematuria, evaluation of tumor extent |
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Term
| True or False: Vaginourethrography is easier in females than a urethrogram. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is vaginourethrography? |
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Definition
| -fill vagina with positive contrast and then due to positive pressure will flow into the urethra |
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Term
| What are some possible complications of vaginourethrography? |
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Definition
-infection
-urethral rupture
-air embolus |
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Term
| What are some signs of urethral disease? |
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Definition
-filling defects: air bubbles, calculi, neoplasia, inflammatory disease or scar tissue
-extravasation of contrast medium: trauma or tumor |
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