Term
| What are the general guidelines for the size of the small bowel in the cat and dog? |
|
Definition
-dog: <2X width of 13th rib
-cat: <12mm |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal thickness of the bowel wall? Can we evaluate this on survey rads? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the three terms used to describe the amount of bowel affected by a pathology? |
|
Definition
| -generalized > segmental > focal |
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Term
| How does the small bowel of an obese cat differ from that of a normal cat? |
|
Definition
| -on VD: on the right side of the abdomen |
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Term
|
Definition
| -the time it takes for the contrast to move form the duodenum to the ascending colon |
|
|
Term
| About how long should a normal upper GI take with barium in a dog and cat? |
|
Definition
-dog approx 2h
-cat approx 1h |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of ileus? Define them. |
|
Definition
-Functional ileus: ceased peristaltic contractions of the bowel
-Mechanical ileus: caused by physical obstruction of the bowel |
|
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Term
| What normally causes functional ileus in general? Some specific examples? |
|
Definition
-neuromuscular or vascular abnormalities
-ex: drugs, surgery, Mesenteric volvulus, enteritis, peritonitis, viral, dysautonomia, etc |
|
|
Term
| What are the general radiographic signs associated with a functional ileus? |
|
Definition
-bowel lumen remains patent
-fluid & gas distended bowel
-usually the entire small bowel will be affected |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical cause of a mechanical ileus? |
|
Definition
| -physical obstruction of the bowel |
|
|
Term
| What are the general radiographic signs of a mechanical ileus? |
|
Definition
-fluid & gas distended bowel
-two populations of bowel evident
-gravel sign proximal to obstrction
-hairpin turns, stacked, and layering |
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Term
| True or False: A duodenal obstruction with concurrent vomiting may not have any radiographic evidence of an obstruction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest orifice of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of small bowel obstruction? |
|
Definition
-foreign body
-tumor
-intussusception
-adhesions
-incarceration |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of small bowel obstruction? |
|
Definition
| -complete, partial, duodenal, linear |
|
|
Term
| Describe a linear small bowel obstruction. |
|
Definition
-plicated bowel with only mild bowel loop distention
-some gas becomes trapped in some fo the plicated segments and will have a short tubular, tapered, or tear-dropped shape |
|
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Term
| What are some causes of infiltratiive bowel disease? Which is most common? |
|
Definition
-inflammatory bowel disease: most common
-infectious
-neoplaisa |
|
|
Term
| What affectes does infiltrative bowel disease have on the bowel? |
|
Definition
-causes bowel wall thickening and/or loss of bowel wall function
-focal or generalized |
|
|
Term
| How do we usually diagnose infiltrative bowel disease? |
|
Definition
| -ultrasound or an upper GI study |
|
|
Term
| What are some possible upper GI findings with infiltrative bowel disease? |
|
Definition
| -tickened wall, decreased lumen size, irregular mucosa, luminal contour change, thumb printing |
|
|
Term
| What radiographic findings do we see with intestinal masses? |
|
Definition
-can see no abnormalities or a vairabley sized abdominal mass
-partial or complete obbstruction
-intraluminal mass
-mucosal irregularities |
|
|
Term
| What are some possible causes of intestinal masses? |
|
Definition
-intestinal wall abscesses
-histo, crypto
-pythiosis
-adenomatous polyps
-adenocarcinoma
-lymphosarcoma
-mastocytoma
-leiomyosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What kind of animal is predisposed to intestinal wall abscesses? |
|
Definition
| -immunocompromised animals |
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|
Term
| What contrast agent do we use for the strong majority of upper GI's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by the extravasation of barium? |
|
Definition
-peritonitis
-granuloma formation and fibrosis
->50% mortality rate |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Cannot perform diagnostic GI ultrasound exam or perform endoscopy until the barium clears. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs with barium aspiration? |
|
Definition
-small amount is usually benign
-permanent retention in formed granulomas, alveoli, and lymph nodes
-large volume of aspirated barium will interfere with ventilation |
|
|
Term
| True or False: We can perform endoscopy and evaluate the GI following the administration of iodinated contrast. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does barium or iodinated contrast have faster transit time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major advantage of iodinated contrast over barium? |
|
Definition
| -safe to use in cases of possible GI perforation |
|
|
Term
| Describe non-ionic iodinated contrast. |
|
Definition
-preferred
-higher cost
-less tonicity: less third spacing, safer if aspirated
-slower GI absorption and renal excretion |
|
|
Term
| Describe ionic iodinated ocntrast. |
|
Definition
-not preferred
-less cost
-ionicity
-hypertonic
-significant third spacing
-opacity is diminished with time
-do not use in dehydratied patients
-significant (often fatal) pulmonary edema if aspirated
-early GI absorption and renal excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the use of positive contrast material to further aid in the evaluation of the GI |
|
|
Term
| What are the uses of an upper GI? |
|
Definition
-evaluate gastric emptying
-evaluate SI motility
-eval bowel wall thickness
-eval bowel wall size and contents
-eval mucosal surface
-eval luminal patency |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for an upper GI? |
|
Definition
-severe or protracted vomiting/diarrhea
-hematemesis/melena
-further eval of an abdominal mass/neoplasia
-questionable obstruction
-abdominal pain
-weight loss associated with diarrhea
-uncertainty of organ location
-confirmation of various types of hernias |
|
|
Term
| What are the contraindications of upper GI's? |
|
Definition
-radiogrpahic signs of an obvious obstruction
-suspected GI perforaton or unknown cause of penumoperitoneum
-following administration of anticholinergic drugs |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we prepare a patient for an upper GI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we use to sedate patients for an upper GI? |
|
Definition
-Dogs: acepromazine
-Cats: Katamine + Valium |
|
|
Term
| What formulation of non-ionic contrast do we use for upper GI's? What about for ionic? |
|
Definition
-diluted to 1:2 with water 10ml/kg total volume
-diluted to 1:4 with water 10ml/kg total volume |
|
|
Term
| Does barium or organic iodine have a higher transit time during upper GI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the fuzzy appearance of intestinal mucosa during an upper GI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are pseudoulcers on upper GI? |
|
Definition
-small out-puching along the antimesenteric side of the duodenum
-just Peyer's patches or lymphoid follicles |
|
|
Term
| What is a string of pearls on an upper GI? |
|
Definition
| -circular contractions seen in normal cats |
|
|
Term
| How do mucosal folds appear on an upper GI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does enteritis look like on upper GI? |
|
Definition
-narrowed bowel lumen
-string like appearance to contrast column
-more rapid transit time |
|
|
Term
| What is upper GI flocculation? Some causes? |
|
Definition
-clumping of barium particles due to an altered GI environment
-causes: inc gastric acid, hypertonic solutions, proteins, fats, GI mucus |
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