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Exam 3
Abdominal Distension s/ Visceral Pain
52
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
03/09/2017

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Term
What are some of the common causes of abdominal distension w/ visceral pain in cattle?
Definition
-intussusception
-mesenteric volvulus
-hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
-scrotal hernia
-ligamentous entrapement/adhesions
-cecocolic volvulus
-mesenteric fat necrosis
-atresia coli
Term
What is the most common SI obstruction in cattle? Which cattle are most commonly affected?
Definition
-intussusception
-recognized more in adult: more in young in smaller animals
Term
What is the most common location of intussusception in cattle?
Definition
-jejunoileium
Term
What are common etiologies behind intussusception in adult cattle?
Definition
-granuloma
-lymphoid hyperplasia
-neoplasia
Term
What are common etiologies behind intussusception in young cattle?
Definition
-abnormal motility
-parasitic lesions
Term
Describe the pathophysiology behind an intussusception in cattle.
Definition
-intussusceptum => obstruct: usually complete obstruction, ileus & reflux => metabolic
-mesenteric entrapment: source of pain, vascular compromise
-necrosis => pain subsides: sepsis/peritonitis/adhesion
Term
What is the typical hx of bovine intusscusception?
Definition
-abdominal pain: moderate early/subsides, transient & often missed
-absence of feces
-complete anorexia
-abdominal distension: bilaterally symmetrical
-subacute: survive 7-10 d
Term
What are the typical clinical findings of vattle intussusception?
Definition
-sick!!!
-depressed
-inc HR/RR
-dehydrations
-abdominal distension: pear
-pyrexia: inconsistent
-succussion/percussion
Term
Desribe the results of rectal exam w/ cattle intussuscpetion?
Definition
-no feces!! early = just mucus & later = blackberry jam stools
-distended SI: feels like a sausage
-tight mesenteric bands
-firm coiled mass +/- adhesions
-may palpate no abnormalities: early or proximal, late pregnancy
Term
What are our major differentials for FA intussusception? What about their presentations make them not applicable?
Definition
-mesenteric volvulus: quicker, some stool, no blood, not as dehydrated
-hemorrhagic bowel syndrome: quicker, more blood in stools (clots), more stool
-acute severe enteritis w/ ileus: quicker, diarrhea by 24h, febrile, toxic
-intestinal incarceration: no blood, less mucus, +/- stool, +/- febrile
-fat necrosis: slower, hard mass, no blood, some stool, not febrile
Term
What is the typical history for cattle intussusception?
Definition
-absence of feces > 24h
-transient colic
-BV abdominal distention
-subacute course
Term
What do we see on clinpath with bovine intussusception?
Definition
-hypochloremia
-alkalosis
-hyperglycemia
-inflammatory leukogram
Term
What is the typical presentation with bovine intussusception?
Definition
-guarded 50% if caught early
-33% if caught late
Term
What do we do pre-op with bovine intussusception?
Definition
-large voumes of IV fluids
-bs abx
-NSAID
-decompress the rumen
Term
What are our options for right flank celiotomy for intussusception?
Definition
-standing: oftengo down , torbugesic, lidocaine on mesentery
-left lateral recumbency: preferred, general anesthesia
Term
What considerations must we consider for left lateral celiotomy?
Definition
-decompress
-extra padding to make a trough for rumen
-nose ventral to pharynx
Term
Why is resection & anastomosis more challenging in the bovine?
Definition
-short mesentery: difficult to exteriorize the SI
-fat-filled mesentery: difficult to see vessels
-no serosa at mesentery: offset when suturing
Term
What do we do post-op w/ bovine intussusception?
Definition
-fluids: IV initially then PO
-ileus prevention/tx: CRI lidocaine, transfaunation, eat
-abx for 5-7d: eryhtromycin/talathromycin
-expect feces w/in 6-12h: dark/bloody diarrhea at 1st, back to near normal in 36-48h
Term
What are some other names for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Definition
-jejunal hemorrhage syndrome
-hemorrhagic enteritis
-bloody gut
Term
Describe the epidemiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome.
Definition
-acute highly fatal segmental hemorrhagic enteritis
-inc incidence: problem herds
-dairy cattle >> beef cattle
Term
What happens w/ hemorrhagic bowel sydnrome?
Definition
-blood in gut that clots and obstructs it
Term
What is the proposed etiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Definition
-Clostridium perfringens
Term
What are the clinical signs of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Definition
-peractue
-may be found dead
-dramatic drop in milkd pdn & appetite
-depression
+/- colic
+/- blood CLOTS in feces
-shocky
-normal to dec temp
-tachycardia
-GI hypototility
-bilateral ventral SI distension
-bloody feces to clots
-multiple pings & splash right side
Term
What are our major differentials for HBS and what makes them different?
Definition
-intussusception: febrile, no stool, mucus, slow
-acute salmonellosis: febrile, more diarrhea, fibrin, putrid odor
-type II BVD: febrile, more diarrhea, ulcers, multiple animals affected
-winter dysentery: more diarrhea, multiple animals affected, low fatality
-mesenteric volvulus: no blood in stool, massive intestinal distension
-bleeding abomasal ulcer: black more than red feces, no distended SI
Term
How do we diagnose HBS?
Definition
-blood clots in lumen can feel like intussuscepion
-see clots on U/S
Term
How do we treat HBS?
Definition
-backhoe really b/c very poor prognosis b/c shocky and usually multiple clots at once
Term
How can we medically treat HBS?
Definition
-fluids
-abx
-NSAIDS/Steroids
-C& D antitoxin
-mineral oil
-AC
-sx
Term
How do we surgically treat HBS?
Definition
-massagle clots free
-enterotomy: remove clot
-resection & anastomosis
-intraluminal abx
Term
How do we control HBS? (not on test)
Definition
-dietary management:
-inc forage and forage NDF
-dec soluble carb intake (min 40%)
-eliminate poorly fermented high grain corn silage
-limit feeding of haylege (especially lesser quality or contaminated w/ soil/clostridia)
-cow comfort/bunk issues: reduce binge feeding
-minimize sorting of TMR
Term
HOw do we prevent HBS?
Definition
-Clostridial vx
-autogenous bacterins
-omnigen AF: feed additive that suppresses growth of Aspergillus
Term
At which two sites does mesenteric volvulus usually occur in cattle?
Definition
-root of mesentery
-jejunal flange
Term
Describe the severity of mesenteric volvulus. HOw common?
Definition
-most painful GI obstruction *=&rapid deterioration
-sporadic and uncommon
Term
Describe mesenteric root volvulus presentation.
Definition
-peraute course: recumbent in 12-24h
-severe itnractable pain: visceral/colic pain
-abdominal distention: bilateral ventral becomes all over
Term
Describe jejunal flange volvulus presentation.
Definition
-acute course
-more gradual than root volvlus
-more acute than intussusception
Term
What is the typical hx of mesenteric volvulus?
Definition
-very acute and constant severe colic
Term
What do we feel on rectal w/ mesenteric volvulus?
Definition
-massive SI distension
-tight mesenteric bands midabdomen
-scant/absent feces/usually no blood
-sometimes feel twist
Term
What do we see on clinpath w/ mesenteric volvulus?
Definition
-metabolic acidosis common w/ duration
-can have normal electrolyes
Term
How do we treat mesenteric volulus on the caviat that we caught it early
Definition
-decompress rumen
-fluids, abx, NSAID before sx
-immediate surgery: start medical therapy but don't wait for fluids to go in
Term
What are our options for sx of mesenteric volvulus?
Definition
-right flank celiotomy: standing best
-ID site & direction of twist
-manual reduction is difficult
-may collapse after correction due to acute absorption of toxins
Term
What is prognosis of mesenteric volvulus?
Definition
-<50% survive if caught early
-short term = long term survival
Term
What are some other causes of SI incarceration in cattle?
Definition
-scrotal hernia: not usually obstructive
-umbilical vein remnant
-urachal remnant
-urachal remnant
-ductus deferens remnant: called gut tie
-mesenteric tears/adhesions
Term
Are cecocolic volvuli less or more common than mesenteric volvulus?
Definition
-less
Term
Which cattle are most commonly affected by cecocolic volvulus? When do they occur?
Definition
-adult dairy cows
-about 50% in 1st month of PP
Term
What is the etiology behind cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-high grain diet: CHO to cecum
-VFAs inh cecocolic motility
-lots of gas = cecal dilatation
-volvulus is a sporadic event
Term
What are our clinical findings w/ cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-acute course: complete anorexia, severe hypoglycemia, mod abdominal pain
-distension in right PLF
-ping in paralumbar fossa w/ fluid splash
-scant'absent feces
Term
What do we feel on rectal w/ cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-body of cecum palpable: fluid & gass filled, very turgid
-often feel distended colon
-distended SI
-scant to absent feces on glove
Term
MEMORIZE CHART ON SLIDE 45
Definition
SERIOUSLY DO IT
Term
Prognosis of cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-very good if caught early
-80% recover fully
Term
What do we do pre-op for cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-fluids
-NSAIDs
-abx
Term
How do we perform surgery to fix cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-standing right flank
-exteriorize apex & decompress
-typhlotomy & drain
=correct the volvulus
Term
What is the rate of recurrence of cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-10%
Term
What do we see post-op with surgical correction of cecocolic volvulus?
Definition
-diarrhea w/in hrs of sx but corrects w/in 36-48h
-if no stool still for 12h re-explore
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