Term
What are some of the common causes of abdominal distension w/ visceral pain in cattle? |
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Definition
-intussusception -mesenteric volvulus -hemorrhagic bowel syndrome -scrotal hernia -ligamentous entrapement/adhesions -cecocolic volvulus -mesenteric fat necrosis -atresia coli |
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Term
What is the most common SI obstruction in cattle? Which cattle are most commonly affected? |
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Definition
-intussusception -recognized more in adult: more in young in smaller animals |
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Term
What is the most common location of intussusception in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
What are common etiologies behind intussusception in adult cattle? |
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Definition
-granuloma -lymphoid hyperplasia -neoplasia |
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Term
What are common etiologies behind intussusception in young cattle? |
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Definition
-abnormal motility -parasitic lesions |
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Term
Describe the pathophysiology behind an intussusception in cattle. |
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Definition
-intussusceptum => obstruct: usually complete obstruction, ileus & reflux => metabolic -mesenteric entrapment: source of pain, vascular compromise -necrosis => pain subsides: sepsis/peritonitis/adhesion |
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Term
What is the typical hx of bovine intusscusception? |
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Definition
-abdominal pain: moderate early/subsides, transient & often missed -absence of feces -complete anorexia -abdominal distension: bilaterally symmetrical -subacute: survive 7-10 d |
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Term
What are the typical clinical findings of vattle intussusception? |
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Definition
-sick!!! -depressed -inc HR/RR -dehydrations -abdominal distension: pear -pyrexia: inconsistent -succussion/percussion |
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Term
Desribe the results of rectal exam w/ cattle intussuscpetion? |
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Definition
-no feces!! early = just mucus & later = blackberry jam stools -distended SI: feels like a sausage -tight mesenteric bands -firm coiled mass +/- adhesions -may palpate no abnormalities: early or proximal, late pregnancy |
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Term
What are our major differentials for FA intussusception? What about their presentations make them not applicable? |
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Definition
-mesenteric volvulus: quicker, some stool, no blood, not as dehydrated -hemorrhagic bowel syndrome: quicker, more blood in stools (clots), more stool -acute severe enteritis w/ ileus: quicker, diarrhea by 24h, febrile, toxic -intestinal incarceration: no blood, less mucus, +/- stool, +/- febrile -fat necrosis: slower, hard mass, no blood, some stool, not febrile |
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Term
What is the typical history for cattle intussusception? |
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Definition
-absence of feces > 24h -transient colic -BV abdominal distention -subacute course |
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Term
What do we see on clinpath with bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-hypochloremia -alkalosis -hyperglycemia -inflammatory leukogram |
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Term
What is the typical presentation with bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-guarded 50% if caught early -33% if caught late |
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Term
What do we do pre-op with bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-large voumes of IV fluids -bs abx -NSAID -decompress the rumen |
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Term
What are our options for right flank celiotomy for intussusception? |
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Definition
-standing: oftengo down , torbugesic, lidocaine on mesentery -left lateral recumbency: preferred, general anesthesia |
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Term
What considerations must we consider for left lateral celiotomy? |
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Definition
-decompress -extra padding to make a trough for rumen -nose ventral to pharynx |
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Term
Why is resection & anastomosis more challenging in the bovine? |
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Definition
-short mesentery: difficult to exteriorize the SI -fat-filled mesentery: difficult to see vessels -no serosa at mesentery: offset when suturing |
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Term
What do we do post-op w/ bovine intussusception? |
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Definition
-fluids: IV initially then PO -ileus prevention/tx: CRI lidocaine, transfaunation, eat -abx for 5-7d: eryhtromycin/talathromycin -expect feces w/in 6-12h: dark/bloody diarrhea at 1st, back to near normal in 36-48h |
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Term
What are some other names for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome? |
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Definition
-jejunal hemorrhage syndrome -hemorrhagic enteritis -bloody gut |
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Term
Describe the epidemiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. |
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Definition
-acute highly fatal segmental hemorrhagic enteritis -inc incidence: problem herds -dairy cattle >> beef cattle |
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Term
What happens w/ hemorrhagic bowel sydnrome? |
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Definition
-blood in gut that clots and obstructs it |
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Term
What is the proposed etiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the clinical signs of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome? |
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Definition
-peractue -may be found dead -dramatic drop in milkd pdn & appetite -depression +/- colic +/- blood CLOTS in feces -shocky -normal to dec temp -tachycardia -GI hypototility -bilateral ventral SI distension -bloody feces to clots -multiple pings & splash right side |
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Term
What are our major differentials for HBS and what makes them different? |
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Definition
-intussusception: febrile, no stool, mucus, slow -acute salmonellosis: febrile, more diarrhea, fibrin, putrid odor -type II BVD: febrile, more diarrhea, ulcers, multiple animals affected -winter dysentery: more diarrhea, multiple animals affected, low fatality -mesenteric volvulus: no blood in stool, massive intestinal distension -bleeding abomasal ulcer: black more than red feces, no distended SI |
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Term
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Definition
-blood clots in lumen can feel like intussuscepion -see clots on U/S |
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Term
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Definition
-backhoe really b/c very poor prognosis b/c shocky and usually multiple clots at once |
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Term
How can we medically treat HBS? |
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Definition
-fluids -abx -NSAIDS/Steroids -C& D antitoxin -mineral oil -AC -sx |
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Term
How do we surgically treat HBS? |
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Definition
-massagle clots free -enterotomy: remove clot -resection & anastomosis -intraluminal abx |
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Term
How do we control HBS? (not on test) |
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Definition
-dietary management: -inc forage and forage NDF -dec soluble carb intake (min 40%) -eliminate poorly fermented high grain corn silage -limit feeding of haylege (especially lesser quality or contaminated w/ soil/clostridia) -cow comfort/bunk issues: reduce binge feeding -minimize sorting of TMR |
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Term
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Definition
-Clostridial vx -autogenous bacterins -omnigen AF: feed additive that suppresses growth of Aspergillus |
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Term
At which two sites does mesenteric volvulus usually occur in cattle? |
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Definition
-root of mesentery -jejunal flange |
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Term
Describe the severity of mesenteric volvulus. HOw common? |
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Definition
-most painful GI obstruction *=&rapid deterioration -sporadic and uncommon |
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Term
Describe mesenteric root volvulus presentation. |
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Definition
-peraute course: recumbent in 12-24h -severe itnractable pain: visceral/colic pain -abdominal distention: bilateral ventral becomes all over |
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Term
Describe jejunal flange volvulus presentation. |
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Definition
-acute course -more gradual than root volvlus -more acute than intussusception |
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Term
What is the typical hx of mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-very acute and constant severe colic |
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Term
What do we feel on rectal w/ mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-massive SI distension -tight mesenteric bands midabdomen -scant/absent feces/usually no blood -sometimes feel twist |
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Term
What do we see on clinpath w/ mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-metabolic acidosis common w/ duration -can have normal electrolyes |
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Term
How do we treat mesenteric volulus on the caviat that we caught it early |
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Definition
-decompress rumen -fluids, abx, NSAID before sx -immediate surgery: start medical therapy but don't wait for fluids to go in |
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Term
What are our options for sx of mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-right flank celiotomy: standing best -ID site & direction of twist -manual reduction is difficult -may collapse after correction due to acute absorption of toxins |
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Term
What is prognosis of mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
-<50% survive if caught early -short term = long term survival |
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Term
What are some other causes of SI incarceration in cattle? |
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Definition
-scrotal hernia: not usually obstructive -umbilical vein remnant -urachal remnant -urachal remnant -ductus deferens remnant: called gut tie -mesenteric tears/adhesions |
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Term
Are cecocolic volvuli less or more common than mesenteric volvulus? |
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Definition
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Term
Which cattle are most commonly affected by cecocolic volvulus? When do they occur? |
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Definition
-adult dairy cows -about 50% in 1st month of PP |
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Term
What is the etiology behind cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-high grain diet: CHO to cecum -VFAs inh cecocolic motility -lots of gas = cecal dilatation -volvulus is a sporadic event |
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Term
What are our clinical findings w/ cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-acute course: complete anorexia, severe hypoglycemia, mod abdominal pain -distension in right PLF -ping in paralumbar fossa w/ fluid splash -scant'absent feces |
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Term
What do we feel on rectal w/ cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-body of cecum palpable: fluid & gass filled, very turgid -often feel distended colon -distended SI -scant to absent feces on glove |
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Term
MEMORIZE CHART ON SLIDE 45 |
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Definition
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Term
Prognosis of cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-very good if caught early -80% recover fully |
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Term
What do we do pre-op for cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
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Term
How do we perform surgery to fix cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-standing right flank -exteriorize apex & decompress -typhlotomy & drain =correct the volvulus |
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Term
What is the rate of recurrence of cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
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Term
What do we see post-op with surgical correction of cecocolic volvulus? |
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Definition
-diarrhea w/in hrs of sx but corrects w/in 36-48h -if no stool still for 12h re-explore |
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