Term
| What is the etiology behind tetanus? |
|
Definition
-Clostridium tetani
-anaerovic, spre-forming G+ |
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Term
| What leads to tetanus infection? |
|
Definition
-fecal/soil contaminent
-castration, tail-docking, etc |
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Term
| What is the typical incubation period of tetanus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of tetanus? |
|
Definition
-colic for first 24h
-stiffness, lameness in infected limb
-generalized spasticity: stiff gait, extended head, sawhorse stance, sardonic grin, pump handle tail, clamped jaw, third eyelid
-hyperesponsed
-aspriation pneumonia |
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Term
| What are the major differentials for a hyper responsive horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major differentials for a horse w/ prolapsed third eyelid? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe the pathophysiology of tetanus. |
|
Definition
-typically occurs after a puncture wound
-while in an anaerobic environment spores germinate to vegetative form
-spores highly resistant to normal host defenses & has long incubatio nperiod |
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Term
| What are the six general principles of treating tetanus? |
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Definition
-provide muscle relaxation
-ensure good footing
-eliminate infeciton
-neutralize unbound toxin
-maintain hydration & nutritional status
-establish active antitoxic immunity |
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Term
| How do we provide m relaxation w/ tetanus tx? |
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Definition
-sedation: Acepromazine (no in stallions), pentobarbital, diazepam (not for long-term)
-m relaxants: methocarbamol: expensive
-quiet, dark stalls
-pack ears |
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Term
| How do we eliminate tetanus tx? |
|
Definition
-debridement of infected area of noticeable
-K penicillin G
-procaine penicillin G |
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Term
| How do we neutralize unbound tetanus toxin? Disadvantages? |
|
Definition
-antitoxin
-Disadvantages: expenseive,hepatic necrosis, anaphylaxis |
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Term
| How do we establish active antitoxic immunity for tetanus? |
|
Definition
-immunize at time of tx & 2m later
-AT DIFFERENT SITE THAN ANTITOXIN |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of tetanus? |
|
Definition
-80% mortality
-animals that last a week have fair to good
-survivors typically show immprovement in 2w |
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Term
| How do we prevent tetanus? |
|
Definition
-maternal immunity before foal is born
-immunize foals too at 4,6/12m w/ annual boosters
-immunize pregnant mares 30d before foaling |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind Botulism? |
|
Definition
-Clostridium botulinum
-g+ spore-forming obligate anaerobes |
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|
Term
| Describe the forage poisoning form of botuslism. |
|
Definition
-adult horses ingesting preformed toxin in feed
-block Ach rc
-DESCHENDING SYMMETRIC PARALYSIS
-round bales = inc risk |
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Term
| Describe the wound form of botulism. |
|
Definition
| -w/ castration, injection abscess, infected umbillicus, puncture wounds |
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Term
| What is Shaker Foal Syndrome due to botulism? |
|
Definition
-develops in few days to several m of life
-ingest spores in the soil & find toxin in feces |
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Term
| What are the CS of botulism? |
|
Definition
-signs appear w/in 24h of exposure
-slow eating or colic first
-weakness (no ataxia)
-dysphagia
-poor muscle tone
-muscle tremors, esp in triceps region |
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Term
| What are some major differentials for botulism? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How do we diagnose botulism? |
|
Definition
-hx + CS: acute onset of flaccid paralysis, weak or poor eyelid tone, poor tail tone, slow or difficult eating, dysphagia
-toxin in feed
-dx of exclusion
-electromyography: sounds like bacon popping |
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Term
| How do we treat botulism? |
|
Definition
-expensive, time-consuming, often unrewarding
-antitoxin
-hyperimmune plasma
-supportive care: AVOID MAKING THE HORSE RISE AND STAND
-abx: penicillin (avoid aminoglycosides & metronidazole) |
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Term
| What is the prognosis of botulism? |
|
Definition
-poor in genral
-shorter time down & maintain ability to swallow = better prognosis |
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Term
| What is the seasonality of leukoencephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
| -late fal through early spring |
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|
Term
| What causes leukoencephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
-caused by mycotoxin fumonisin B1
-ingest contaminated corn |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of leukoencephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
-Syndromes: neurotoxic (most common) & hepatotoxicosis
-CS evident 3-4w following daily ingestion
-found dead |
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Term
| Describe the CS of the neurologic syndrome of leukoencephalomalacia. |
|
Definition
-ataxia
-aimless walking
-intermittent anorexia
-lethargy, depression
-blindness, head pressing
0hyperexcitability
-beligerence
-extreme agitation
-profuse sweating
-delirium |
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Term
| Describe th eCS of the hepatotoxic syndrome of leukoencephalomalacia. |
|
Definition
-swelling of lips & nose
-somnolence
-severe icterus
-petechiae of MM
-abdominal breathing
-cyanosis |
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Term
| What are some differential diagnoses of leukoencephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
-hepatic encephalopathy
-trauma
-WNV
-EEE
-rabies
-bacterial meningoencephalitis
-EPM
-verminous encephalitis |
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|
Term
| How do we diagnose leukoencephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
-PM lesions
-feed analysis: chronic exposure thus current feed may not show positive |
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Term
| How do we treat leukocephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
-supportive & symptomatic
-remove feed |
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