Which of the following structures is/are part of the lower respiratory system?
Definition
bronchus
Term
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[image] The respiratory epithelium's lamina propria:
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Definition
contains mucous glands that discharge secretions onto the epithelial surface.
Term
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[image] Which structure forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates it from the oral cavity?
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Definition
hard palate
Term
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[image] Which laryngeal cartilage has, on its superior surface, ligamentous attachments to the hyoid bone, the epiglottis, and the smaller laryngeal cartilages?
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Definition
thyroid cartilage
Term
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[image] Regarding the trachea, which statement is true?
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Definition
The diameter of the trachea changes from moment to moment.
Term
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[image] Choose the correct statement regarding bronchioles.
Definition
Sympathetic activation leads to bronchodilation.
Term
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[image] Regarding movements of the diaphragm and rib cage:
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Definition
when the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly.
Term
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[image] Which is correct regarding intrapulmonary pressure?
Definition
Increased intrapulmonary pressure pushes air out of the lungs.
Term
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[image] Which of the following is an accessory inspiratory muscle?
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Definition
sternocleidomastoid muscle
Term
Which pulmonary characteristic is defined as the amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?
Definition
inspiratory capacity
Term
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[image] Alveolar ventilation is partially calculated by:
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Definition
subtracting anatomic dead space from tidal volume.
Term
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[image] Which atmospheric gas has the lowest partial pressure (mm Hg) and the lowest gas concentration (%) in exhaled air (saturated)?
Definition
CO2
Term
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[image] At which temperature will hemoglobin most readily give up its oxygen reserves?
Definition
43(C
Term
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[image] In erythrocytes (RBCs), most of the hydrogen molecules from carbonic acid bind to which of the following?
Definition
hemoglobin
When carbon dioxide diffuses into the bloodstream, 93 percent diffuses into erythrocytes. Hydrogen ion binding ultimately results in the formation of pH buffers.
Term
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[image] The combination of widespread edema and the bluish coloration of skin are descriptors for individuals with which condition?
Definition
chronic bronchitis
This characteristic of a swollen appearance coupled with low blood oxygenation has led to the term "blue bloaters" for people with this pulmonary disorder.
Term
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[image] In representative respiratory reflexes:
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Definition
stretch receptors that respond to changes in the volume of the lungs are responsible for inflation and deflation reflexes.
Term
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[image] Choose the correct statement regarding baroreceptor reflexes.
Definition
Baroreceptors in the aortic sinus are monitored by sensory nerves within the vagus nerve (N X).
Term
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[image] In dysplasia:
Definition
cells are damaged, and functional characteristics change.
Term
Which is true regarding the respiratory changes associated with aging?
Definition
Some degree of emphysema is normal in individuals over age 50.
Term
Gas exchange surfaces in the alveoli consist of which tissue type?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
Which statement regarding air and the respiratory system is true?
Definition
Air moving from the nasal cavity to the lungs is heated almost to body temperature.
Term
Each terminal bronchiole supplies a single:
Definition
pulmonary lobule.
Term
Normal atmospheric pressure is:
Definition
760 mm Hg.
Term
The inspiratory center of the DRG contains neurons that control lower motor neurons innervating which of the following?
Definition
diaphragm
Term
Tidal volume (VT) is defined as which of the following?
Definition
the amount of air one moves into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions
Term
Regulation of airflow in the bronchioles is maintained by:
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as:
Definition
Boyle's law
Term
During inspiration, which muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity?
Definition
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Term
Quiet __________ is a passive process caused by relaxation of the muscles.
Definition
expiration
Term
Which pressure is always negative (acting like a suction to keep the lungs inflated)?
Definition
Intrapleural
Term
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If the transpulmonary pressure is zero, what will happen to the lung?
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Definition
The lungs will deflate.
Term
During inspiration the intrapulmonary pressure becomes less than what pressure?
Definition
Atmospheric
Term
Which of the following gases is approximately 20.9% of our atmosphere?
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Definition
O2
Term
Calculate the partial pressure of CO2, given an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg and a 0.04% concentration of CO2.
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Definition
0.3 mm Hg
Term
Which gas law explains why more CO2 than O2 dissolves in liquid when both gases are at the same pressure?
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Definition
Henry's law
Term
Which gas law explains how to calculate the partial pressure of each gas in an air sample?
Definition
Dalton's law
Term
Which of the following increases the partial pressure of water in the alveoli?
Definition
Humidification of inhaled air
Term
The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries and in the alveoli is approximately:
Definition
40 mm Hg in the capillaries and 104 mmHg in the alveoli.
Term
The partial pressure gradient of CO2 between the pulmonary capillary and alveoli is approximately:
Definition
5 mm Hg
Term
When airflow is restricted, the partial pressure of O2 is low and the partial pressure of CO2 is high in the alveoli. What would happen (constriction or dilation) to the pulmonary arterioles and bronchioles during restricted airflow?
Definition
Arterioles constrict; bronchioles dilate
Term
External respiration is the exchange of gases between:
systemic capillaries and body cells.
pulmonary capillaries and alveoli.
Definition
pulmonary capillaries and alveoli.
Term
What respiratory center sets the respiratory rhythm by automatically initiating respiration? Where is this center located?
Definition
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla
Term
A homeostatic control mechanism (receptors, control center, and effectors) controls respiration. What acts as the sensor(s) in this system?
Definition
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Term
Where are the central chemoreceptors located and to what chemical do they respond?
Definition
Medulla; increased H+
Term
What is the most important stimulus controlling respiration?
Definition
CO2
Term
The PO2 must drop below what level in order to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors?
Definition
60 mm Hg
Term
As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and pH?
Definition
Decreased PCO2 and increased pH
Term
If a person hypoventilates, what will happen to the partial pressures of O2 and CO2?
Definition
Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2
Term
Hyperinflation of the lungs results in:
Definition
inhibition of inspiration caused by pulmonary stretch receptors.
Term
Ventilation increases during exercise because of:
Definition
receptors in muscles and joints, neural input from the motor cortex, increased body temperature, and other factors.
Term
Which respiratory group functions mainly during forced expiration?
Definition
The ventral respiratory group (VRG).
Term
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[image] Which major layer of the digestive tract consists of an epithelium and a lamina propria?
Definition
mucosa
Term
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[image] Visceral smooth muscle:
Definition
lacks a direct contact with any motor neuron.
Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity triggered by pacesetter cells that contract spontaneously at regular intervals.
Term
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[image] Enteroendocrine cells:
Definition
are a component of the hormonal control mechanisms of digestive activities.
Term
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[image] Which functional property is defined as the movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract?
Definition
absorption
Term
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[image] The pyloric antrum:
Definition
is the portion of the pylorus connected to the body of the stomach.
Term
Which cells within the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
Definition
chief cells
Term
[image] Which is true regarding the intestinal villi?
Definition
Each villus contains a lacteal, which transports materials that cannot enter blood capillaries.
Term
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Choose the correct statement regarding the small intestine.
Definition
In the ileum, the submucosa contains aggregated lymphoid nodules.
Term
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[image] The sublingual salivary glands:
Definition
produce a mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant.
Term
[image] Which characteristic correctly describes the bile canaliculi?
Definition
They extend outward, away from the central vein.
Term
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[image] Regarding the functional relationships involved in the storage and ejection of bile, which is true?
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Definition
The release of CCK by the duodenum triggers dilation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder.
Term
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[image] What is the function of the drug called cimetidine?
Definition
It inhibits acid production by gastric glands.
Term
As the primary dentition is gradually replaced by the secondary dentition, the _____ ligaments and roots of the primary teeth erode until the deciduous teeth either fall out or are pushed aside by the eruption of the secondary teeth.
Definition
periodontal
Term
Swallowing can be divided into three phases, as follows, in chronological order: the buccal, ______, and esophageal phases.
Definition
pharyngeal
Term
The ______ stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides an access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving the liver.
Definition
lesser omentum
The structure is the remnant of the ventral mesentery between the stomach and the liver.
Term
In addition to increasing the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and pushing them into the duodenum, the presence of cholecystokinin (CCK) in high concentrations has two additional effects: It inhibits _____ activity, and it appears to have CNS effects that _____ the sensation of hunger.
Definition
gastric, reduce
Term
Within the question text below, there is one text entry field where you can enter your answer.
The gastroenteric and __________ reflexes stimulate motility and secretion along the entire small intestine, and trigger the opening of the ileocecal valve, respectively.
Definition
gastroileal
These two central reflexes are triggered by the stimulation of stretch receptors in the stomach wall as it fills.
Term
The mucosa and submucosa of the appendix are dominated by _______.
Definition
lymphoid nodules
Term
The long reflex of the defecation reflex is coordinated by the ______ parasympathetic system.
Definition
sacral
This reflex stimulates mass movements that push feces toward the rectum from the descending colon and sigmoid colon.
Term
Secretory glands are located in which layers of the digestive tract?
Definition
mucosa and submucosa
Term
Local factors that regulate and control digestive activities do not include:
Definition
long reflexes that control large-scale peristaltic waves.
Term
Which is true regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract?
Definition
When sliding occurs between thin and thick filaments, the cell shortens.
Term
Which area of smooth muscle normally remains in a state of active contraction and prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach superiorly?
Definition
lower esophageal sphincter
Term
Of the following layers of the stomach wall, which is the deepest?
Definition
oblique muscle layer of the muscularis externa
Term
Which of the following major digestive hormones stimulates dilation of intestinal capillaries?
Definition
VIP
Term
Mucous cells of the salivary glands:
Definition
secrete water and buffers.
Term
The hepatocytes in a liver lobule:
Definition
form plates separated by sinusoids.
Term
In 3-10 percent of the population, a small accessory pancreatic duct exists, and empties into which structure?
Definition
duodenum
Term
The oral cavity:
Definition
is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
Term
Blade-shaped teeth that are located at the front of the mouth are called which of the following?
Definition
incisors
These teeth are useful for clipping or cutting, and have a single root.
Term
The dorsal mesentery of the stomach is called the:
Definition
greater omentum.
Term
The pyloric antrum secretes gastrin:
Definition
when stimulated by the vagus nerve or when food arrives in the stomach.
Term
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion:
Definition
is directed by the CNS, and prepares the stomach to receive food.
Central and local mechanisms coordinate gastric and intestinal activities.
Term
Three separate bands of smooth muscle that run along the outer surfaces of the colon just deep to the serosa are called which of the following?
Definition
taeniae coli
Term
The external anal sphincter:
Definition
consists of skeletal muscles, and is under voluntary control.
Term
The progressive dehydration of indigestible materials and organic wastes prior to elimination from the body is called:
Definition
compaction
Term
Definition
myenteric
This structure lies sandwiched between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis externa.
Term
Definition
peristalsis, segmentation
Term
When gastric glands are actively secreting, a sudden influx of bicarbonate ions called the _____ tide ensues.
Definition
alkaline
As a result of this influx, the pH of the blood increases significantly.
Term
Definition
chyme, digestive secretions
Term
Definition
lysozyme
Term
Definition
solute
Recall that the liver sinusoids are delicate blood vessels that lack a basal lamina but otherwise resemble large fenestrated capillaries.
Term
Definition
hepatopancreatic
Resting tension in this structure prevents bile flow into the duodenum except at mealtimes.
Term
The major digestive function of this organ is the production of bile.
Definition
liver
Term
Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the secretion of insulin?
Definition
GIP
Term
Which of the following GI hormones stimulates the gall bladder to contract?
Definition
CCK
Term
Which hormone, released in response to stomach distention, increases gastric motility?
Definition
Gastrin
Term
The presence of fat in the small intestine causes intestinal cells to release the hormone __________, which slows gastric emptying.
Definition
CCK
Term
During the gastric phase of GI tract control, which of the following hormones increases activity in the ileum and relaxes the ileocecal sphincter?
Definition
Gastrin
Term
What cells in the gastric pits and glands produce intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid?
Definition
Parietal
Term
Pernicious anemia is caused by lack of:
Definition
intrinsic factor.
Term
During the cephalic phase, long neural reflexes directly increase secretion of HCL and pepsinogen by stimulating which types of stomach cells?
Definition
Chief cells and parietal cells
Term
Which of these hormones stimulates a bicarbonate-rich secretion from the pancreas?
Definition
Secretin
Term
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In carbohydrate metabolism, sucrose is digested to:
Definition
glucose and fructose.
Term
Most fats are digested to:
Definition
monoglycerides and fatty acids.
Term
Digestion of proteins in the stomach is caused by which enzyme?
Definition
Pepsin
Term
All of the following are necessary for fat digestion and absorption, except:
Definition
trypsin
Term
Hydrogen atoms are used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs:
Definition
within mitochondria.
Cells obtain most of their ATP from the electron transport system, which is linked to the citric acid cycle.
Term
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[image] At rest skeletal muscles increase the number of myofibrils using which of the following?
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Definition
amino acids
Term
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[image] Buffers from the pancreas and liver moderate the pH of the arriving chyme in which region?
Definition
duodenum
Term
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[image] Pyruvate molecules are used by mitochondria after conversion to:
Definition
acetyl-CoA.
Term
Which of the following sources generates the most molecules of ATP (energy)?
Definition
from NADH generated in the citric acid cycle
Recall that cellular energy is produced via glycolysis (anaerobic), and the electron transport system (ETS) and citric acid cycle (aerobic).
Term
[image] Where is cholesterol extracted and packaged in new low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), or excreted?
Definition
liver
Review lipoproteins, and lipid transport and distribution. In the locale in question, chylomicrons are absorbed, triglycerides are removed, and cholesterol from the chylomicron is combined with synthesized or recycled cholesterol, altering the surface proteins.
Term
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[image] Which of the following is the earliest step of lipolysis?
Definition
Lysosomal enzymes break down triglyceride molecules into one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
Term
The formation of glutamic acid from alpha-ketoglutarate is an example of which process?
Definition
amination
Recall that liver cells and other body cells can readily synthesize the carbon frameworks of roughly half of the amino acids needed to synthesize proteins.
Term
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[image] Liver cells break down lipids and amino acids, and as levels of acetyl-CoA increase, which compounds begin to form?
Definition
ketone bodies
Liver cells do not catabolize these compounds, which diffuse into the general circulation.
Term
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[image] Identify the water-soluble vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in many pathways, and results in epithelial and mucosal deterioration if it occurs in deficient levels.
Definition
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
The water-soluble vitamins are the B vitamins and vitamin C. Most of them are components of coenzymes.
Term
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Which nutritional/metabolic disorder results from an inability to produce specific enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism?
Definition
phenylketonuria
Term
Which primary mechanism of heat transfer results in the loss of more than 50 percent of the heat humans lose indoors?
Definition
radiation
Term
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Which peptide hormone stimulates the satiety center and suppresses appetite?
Definition
leptin
Term
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[image] Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-gain center?
Definition
nonshivering thermogenesis
Term
The reaction in which an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA is attached to a four-carbon molecule in the mitochondrial matrix produces a six-carbon molecule of _____.
Definition
citric acid
This reaction releases coenzyme A.
Term
If absorption by the digestive tract fails to maintain normal nutrient levels, the triglycerides and glycogen reserves in the liver cells are broken down and their ______ are released.
Definition
glucose
Recall that the liver cells store triglycerides and glycogen reserves, which contribute to the metabolic reserves of the body as a whole. When absorption across the digestive tract is insufficient to maintain normal nutrient levels in the blood, the metabolic reserves of the body can be mobilized.
Term
Salivary amylase is a salivary enzyme that breaks down complex _______.
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
When glucose supplies are limited, the breakdown of fatty acids and some amino acids in liver cells elevates acetyl-CoA levels, and results in the production of small organic acids called _________.
Definition
ketone bodies
Term
The hormone _______, which is secreted by the gastric mucosa, stimulates appetite.
Definition
ghrelin
Term
Poisons like cyanide bind to _______, thereby preventing the transfer of electrons to oxygen.
Definition
cytochromes
This has the same effect on the cell as oxygen starvation.
Term
Carbohydrates (such as glucose) are generally preferred for catabolism because _____ and ______ are more important as structural components of cells and tissues.
Definition
proteins, lipids
Term
The electron transport system (ETS) is a sequence of embedded proteins known as which of the following?
Definition
cytochromes
Term
The process of oxidative phosphorylation results in the electrons being ultimately transferred to:
Definition
oxygen
Term
Fatty acid synthesis begins with which of the following?
Definition
acetyl-CoA
Term
The arrival of chyme containing large amounts of carbohydrates triggers ______, which stimulates pancreatic insulin release.
Definition
GIP
Term
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
Definition
2 molecules of ATP
Term
The catabolism of fatty acids generates acetyl-CoA directly, through a process called:
Definition
beta-oxidation
Term
The feeding center and satiety center are nuclei found in which CNS structure?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Peripheral vasodilation:
Definition
results from the inhibition of the vasomotor center.
Term
Which fat-soluble vitamin is found in leafy green and yellow vegetables, and is not produced by intestinal bacteria?
Definition
vitamin A
Term
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Which of the following foods has the lowest number of kilocalories (calories) in a single recommended serving for each food type?
Definition
butter
A kilocalorie (calorie) is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water 1(C. One should also know the limits on fats, sugar, and sodium when developing a healthy diet.
Term
At which body temperature are the thermoregulatory capabilities of the body likely to be lost?
Definition
26(C
Term
Which statement is true regarding mitochondria and the processes that occur within them?
Definition
If the supply of oxygen to the cell is severely restricted, the cytochromes cannot pass on their electrons and the ETS stops working.
Term
Which enzyme is not found in the plasma membrane at the brush border of the jejunum?
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Definition
amylase
Term
Definition
beta-oxidation
The process is essentially the catabolism of fatty acids.
Term
Dipeptidases break dipeptides apart and release individual amino acids, which are absorbed by epithelial cells of the small intestine through two mechanisms, facilitated diffusion and ______.
Definition
cotransport
After diffusing to the basal surface of the cell, these amino acids are released into interstitial fluid by the same mechanisms.
Term
Definition
postabsorptive
Metabolic activity during this period is focused on the mobilization of energy reserves and the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels.
