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Exam 4 Geology
Mass Movements/Wasting (4-29)
24
Geology
Undergraduate 1
05/03/2009

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Cards

Term
Mass Wasting
Definition

-downslope movement of regolith (cover on top of bedrock) & masses of rock under the pull of gravity

-gravity major force, water & other agents play secondary roles

-basic part of rock cycle

-all mass wasting take place on slopes

-continum of interacting proceses

Term
Gravitational Stress vs. Slope Shear Strength
Definition

-when forces of gravity on a slope exceeds the shear strength of the slope, slop will fail

-slop fails=mass wasting occurs

Term
Gravity
Definition

vector pointing towards the center of the earth

-one parrallel to surface (gt)

-one perpendicular to surface (gp)

Term
Slope Failures
Definition

sudden failure, downslope transfer of relatively coherent masses of rock or rock debris

(rapidly & sometimes long distances)

-slumping=slow (common)

-sliding=debris (intermediate, long distances,steep hills-fracture/weakens in rocks)

-falling=of rocks (fast)

 

Term

Angle of Respose

(Slope Failures)

Definition

steepest angle that slope can maintain, before mass-wasting occurs

-Unconsolidated Material= ranges from 25-40*

-mass wasting process the slopes to adjust themselves, many factors change slope

Term

Equililbrum Point

(Slop Failures)

Definition
any steeper, and the surface-parallel force of gravity will overcome the shear strength
Term
Sediment Flows
Definition

downslope flow of mixture of solid material, air, water

(based on velocity & concertations of particles)

Term

Slurry Flows

(sediment flows)

Definition

moving mass of water saturated sediment

-solifluation/gelifluction

-debris flow

-mudflow

Term
Solifluction/ Gelifuction
Definition

occur in any climate where ground saturated w/ water

common in area of permafrost

(year round frozen ground)

Term
Debris Flow
Definition

water, mud, big block material, soupy= flows spreadout

(wet concrete)

(large/small sediments)

Term
Mudflow
Definition

most fluid (lowest velosity), move most rapidly

(km/hr)

50% slit & clay size mater, 30% water

(very dangerous, destroy structures, most soupy)

Term

Grain (granular) flows

 

Definition

not water saturated, mixture of sediment air, water-

(grain to grain contact or grain collision important)

-creep

-earthflow

-grain flow

-debris avalanche

Term
Creep
Definition

-most damage

-most material moved (slow)

-seen everywhere (temp area)

Term
Earthflow
Definition

-weakness on bedding plane

-slump scars

-convey=top

-convex=buttom

Term
Grain flow
Definition

-most common in sand domrs

-angle repose

-forces material downslope

-no moisture

Term
Debris Avalanche
Definition

material releasing itself mass material (rocks)

-fast moving

Term

Reality=Complex

(more)

Definition
mass wasting events con be combination of any of the various process
Term

Submarine Mass Wasting

(more)

Definition
still move down, water easy transport
Term
Causes of Mass Movement
Definition

-slope graident

-weathering and climate

-water content

-Vegetation

-geology and slop stability

-event triggering mechanisms

Term
Slop Gradient
Definition

can be over steepend by tsunmi

-natural causes such as stream & wave erison undercutting slopes

-human activity ( road cuts, hillside construction)

Term
Weathering and Climate
Definition

weathering: disaggregates & disintegrates bedrock, reducing shear strength & promoting mass wasting

 

climate: controls type & rate of weatering

(rockfalls are more likely in area subject to frost wedges)

Term
Water Content
Definition
Increasing water content, Decreases the stability of slope
Term
Geology and Slope Stability
Definition
bedding planes & fractures serve as zone of weakness
Term
Even triggering mechanisms
Definition

-excesssive amounts of water

-earthquake

-volcantic eruptions

-vibrations

-noise

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