Term
| Describe the morbidity & mortality of foal pneumonia. |
|
Definition
-high morbidity
-mortality up to 15% |
|
|
Term
| What age of foals are most commonly affected by pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some factors that predispose for foal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-maternal Ab decline at 6-12w
-overcrowding
-ventilation: ammonia, dust
-stress: heat, weaning, transport |
|
|
Term
| What bugs commonly cause septicemia in foals? Can potentially cause pneumonia. |
|
Definition
-E. coli
-Actinobacillus equui
-Klebsiella
-Salmonella
-Strep |
|
|
Term
| What are the three routes of access bugs have into foal w/ FPT? |
|
Definition
-umbillicus
-resp
-GI tract |
|
|
Term
| Other than septicemia bugs, what are some other common etiologies of foal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-cleft palate: poor px
-meconium aspiration: poor px
-EHV-1
-influenza |
|
|
Term
| What are the typical diagnostics for neonatal equine pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-blood culture/TTW
-thoracic rads
-IgG quantitation |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical tx for equine neonatal penumonia? |
|
Definition
-penicillin/amikacin +/- metro
-penicillin/gentocin +/- metro
-ceftiofur
-nasal O2 on adults |
|
|
Term
| What is the preference for using amikacin or gentocin for neonatal equine pneumonia? Why? |
|
Definition
| -amikacin b/c safer on kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Which parasite can cause parasitic pneumonia in foals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe parasitic pneumonia in foals. Tx? |
|
Definition
-Damage alveoli
-edema
-consolidation
-eosinophilic pneumnia
-tx: Ivermectin |
|
|
Term
| Which bugs cause bacterial pneumonia in goals? |
|
Definition
-Strep zooepidemicus
-Rhodococcus equi
-Actinobacillus equuili
-B. bronchoseptica
-Klebsiella
-Pasturella |
|
|
Term
| Where does Strep zooepidemicus come from in foals? Describe it. |
|
Definition
-normal inhabitant of URT
-gram positive |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat Strep zoo pneumonia in foals? |
|
Definition
-Procaine penicillin
-ceftiofur
-TMS +/- procaine penicillin |
|
|
Term
| What kind of bug is Rhodococcus equi? |
|
Definition
-g+ coccobacillus
-intracellular
-soil inhabitant
-replicates in foals GI tract
-shed in manure: can live 12m in soil
-endemic on farms |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi. |
|
Definition
-replicates in GI up to 3m of age
-aerosol inhalation in first few ww of life
-replicates in macrophage: inh phagosome-lysosome fusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of R. equi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of the lung is affected by R. equi? |
|
Definition
-cranioventral consolidating lesion
-also caudodorsal & hilar pyogranulomatous lesions |
|
|
Term
| What age of foals are affected by R. equi pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of R. equi penumnoia? |
|
Definition
-early dx: inc RR, fever
-anorexia
-resp distress
-cyanosis
-high fever
-wt loss
-INCONSISTENT cough & mucopurulent nasal discharge
-less likely to perform as adults
-others: immune-med polyarthritis
-GI complications
-septic arthritis/osteomyelitis
-vertebral osteomyelitis/ataxia |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on rebreathing exam w/ R. equi? |
|
Definition
-tracheal rattles, musical wheezes, cracklles
-reduced small airway sounds ventrally
-induced cough & poor recovery |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose R. equi as cause of bacterial foal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-TTW/BAL cytology & culture
-PCR |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on rads w/ R. equi bacterial foal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-patchy regional consolidation
-hilary lymphadenoapthy
-interstitial pattern |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat R. equi bacterial foal pneumonia? Any cautions? Other options? |
|
Definition
-Erythromycin + Rifampin for 4-12w
-SE: red urine, hyperthermia
-others: azithromycin, clarithromycin, TMS |
|
|
Term
| In addition to abx, what adjunctive therapy do we use to tx R. equi bacterial foal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-nasal O2
-fluids
-mycolytics
-bronchodilators
-NSAIDs
-omeprazole
-hyperthermia |
|
|
Term
| What management techniques do we use for bacterial foal pneumonia? |
|
Definition
-dec dust exposure
-minimie crowding
shade
-separate resient & visiting mares
-stall ventilation
-air condition
-deworming |
|
|
Term
| Why would we use plasma therapy w/ bacterial foal penumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the epidemiology of bronchointersitial pneumonia (ARDS). |
|
Definition
-faols up to 8m
-sporadic
-acute onset
-HIGH MORTALITY |
|
|
Term
| What are the proposed causes of cronhointerstitial pneumonia (ARDS)? |
|
Definition
-HEAT STRESS
-others: viral, R. equi, pneumocystitis carinii, pneumotoxins |
|
|
Term
| Describe the exudative stage of ARDS. |
|
Definition
-epi & endo damage
0inflamm cells
-congestion, edema, necrosis
-alveolar flooding |
|
|
Term
| Describe the proliferative stage of ARDS. |
|
Definition
-Type II
-fibroplasia
-thickened interlobular septa
-multinucleated syncytial cells |
|
|
Term
| What CS do we see w/ foal ARDS? |
|
Definition
-HOT WEATHER
-peracute resp distress
-head & neck extension
-nostril flare
-heave line
-cyanosis
+/- fever
-depression |
|
|
Term
| What do we hear on auscultation w/ foal ARDS? |
|
Definition
-tachycardia
-harsh large airway sounds
-reduced peripheral small airway sounds
-musical wheezes
-crackles |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on labs w/ foal ARDS? |
|
Definition
-neutrophilia
-hyperfibrinogenemia
-arterial hypoxia
-resp acidosis |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on rads w/ foal ARDS? |
|
Definition
-diffuse itnerstitial pattern
-concurrent infectious pneumonia: pyogranulomas, cranioventral lungs
-P. cariini: miliary reticulonodular |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on necropsy w/ foal ARDS? |
|
Definition
-diffuse, red, heavy, wet lungs that do not collapse
-pink fluid in airways
-edema
-concurrent R. equi abscesses |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on histopath w/ foal ARDs? |
|
Definition
-necrotizing bronchiolitis
-alveolar septal necrosis
-inflamm cell exudate
-type II pneumocyte proliferation
-fibrosis w/ chronicity |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat foal ARDs? |
|
Definition
-REFERRAL
-abx
-O2
-bronchodilators
-NSAIDs
-dex
-nebulization
-antihistamines
-cool fof |
|
|
