Term
| What are the three categories of colic? |
|
Definition
-obstruction: simple, strangulating
-nonstrangulating infarction
-inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Describe simple equine obstructions. CS? |
|
Definition
-no significant vascular compromise
-mild pain but gradually worsens
-usually 24-72h |
|
|
Term
| What causes a strangulating obstruction? CS? |
|
Definition
-luminal & vascular obstruction due to anatomic displacement of compression by non-intestinal tissue
-will eventually develop signs of shock |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common signalment of large colon volvulus? What do you feel on palpation? |
|
Definition
-postpartum mares
-large colon distended w/ gas & colonic taeniae are very tight |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of large colon volvulus? |
|
Definition
-acute/severe colic
-rapid progression to chock
-severe distension
-HR variable |
|
|
Term
| What do we feel on palpatio w/ SI distention? |
|
Definition
-rectal palpation of distended loops of SI
-sausage loops
-water-filled balloon |
|
|
Term
| True or False: You should be able to feel SI on palpation in a normal horse. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, if you can feel SI in a horse then it is distended |
|
|
Term
| Describe the CS of a strangulating obstruction. |
|
Definition
-peracute to acute
-peracute onset of severe pain
-rapid CV deterioration leading to shock |
|
|
Term
| What kind of vascular compromise can occur w/ nonstrangulating infarction? Etiologies? |
|
Definition
-mesenteric thromboemvolism
-large strongyles, functional issues |
|
|
Term
| Which portions of intestine are most commonly affected by nonstrangulating infarction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some inflammatory etiologies that cause colic? |
|
Definition
-entritis (most common) or colitis
-peritonitis
-abscess: Strep equi & Rhodococcus
-pain mild to severe
-depression |
|
|
Term
| When should we refer a colic case? |
|
Definition
-sx indicated: severity of pain, shck
-intense medical rx or isolation indicated: severe shock, dehydration, reflux, diarrhea, fever |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common definitive etiology of colic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are CS of colonic impaction colic? |
|
Definition
-gradual onset
-painful
-no gastric reflux
-dry feces |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common location for colonic impaction colic? |
|
Definition
| -pelvic flexure (left ventral colon) |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat colonic impaction colic? |
|
Definition
-NPO
-water/electrolytes via NG tube
-lubricants & laxatives: MgSO4, mineral oil, or DSS daily until impaction softens
-supportive care: analgesics |
|
|
Term
| What is our major concern w/ lubricants & laxatives for colonic impaction colics? |
|
Definition
| -do not combine DSS & mineral oil |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent colinic impaction colic? |
|
Definition
-adequate fresh water
-add salt to grain to inc water intake
-avoid round bales
-dental care
-routine deworming |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most common hx behind cecal impaction? |
|
Definition
| -hospitalized patients on NSAIDs: eye pain, chronic lameness, post sx |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose cecal impaction? |
|
Definition
| -rectal: inc wt when strum cecal bnad, doughy consistancy at cecal base |
|
|
Term
| What do we see w/ cecal rupture due to chronic impaction? |
|
Definition
-crepitus/squeaky feel to serosa at base
-abdominocentesis |
|
|
Term
| How do we medically treat cecal impaction? |
|
Definition
-oral + IV fluids
-MgSO4, mineral oil, psyllium
-frequent re-eval
-analgesics |
|
|
Term
| How do we surgically treat cecal impaction? |
|
Definition
| -typhylotomy & ileo/jejunocolostomy |
|
|
Term
| What is our major concern after tx of cecal impactions? |
|
Definition
-tend to recur when horse placed back on feed
-monitor closely via rectal
-fecal output not consistent indicator |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major causes of left dorsal colon displacement? |
|
Definition
-nephrosplenic
-renosplenic entrapment |
|
|
Term
| How do we medically treat left dorsal colon displacement? |
|
Definition
-IV phenylephrin
-rolling under anesthesia: only if meds fail & can't go to sx |
|
|
Term
| What is our major caution w/ rolling a left dorsal colon displacement patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for surgical correction of a left dorsal colon displacement patient? |
|
Definition
-unresponsive to medical tx
-severe pain
-severe gas distention |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of large colon volvulus? |
|
Definition
-peracute onset of seere pain
-paradoxical low HR
-severe abdominal distension w/ resp compromise
-RAPID referral for sx
-high mortality rate
-severe venous obstruction |
|
|
Term
| What causes sand eneropathy? |
|
Definition
| -sand intake w/ feed over time when it accumulates in large colon & cecum |
|
|
Term
| What CS do we see w/ sand enteropathy? |
|
Definition
-impaction
-enteritis
-wt loss
-mild or severe pain |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose sand colic? |
|
Definition
-ausculation
-manure sedimentation
-rads |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat sand colic? |
|
Definition
-psyllium mucilloid
-mineral oil
-supportive care |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent sand colic? |
|
Definition
-feed hay in rack & grain in feeder
-concrete or rubber amts under feeders
-intermittent psyllium mucilloid to purge colon |
|
|
Term
| Where are enteroliths most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common signalment behind enteroliths? |
|
Definition
-Arabians & minis
-Alfalfa
-middle aged |
|
|
Term
| What composes enteroliths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose enteroliths? |
|
Definition
-palpation rectally
-rads
-exploratory |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat enteroliths? Prevent? |
|
Definition
-sx removal
-prevent: feed less alkfalfa & add vinegar to diet |
|
|
Term
| How can we clinically differentiate proximal enteritis & SI volvulus? |
|
Definition
| -proximal enteritis pain & HR drop after gastric reflux |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the common etiologies behind proximal enteritis? |
|
Definition
-Clostridia
-Salmonella
-Mycotoxins
-Corn |
|
|
Term
| What causes grain overload? |
|
Definition
| -fermentation in stomach => VA pdn => delay gastric emptying = influx of fluid => gastric dilatation/colic/rupture |
|
|
Term
| What do we need to know about the horse liveR? |
|
Definition
Anorexia causes bilirubin to rise in systemic circulation
Horse one of the few spp for which this is true
Liver enzymes : GGT & SDH
Chronic liver = wt loss
Acute liver failure => hepatic encephalopathy but not a death sentence |
|
|
Term
| What do you usually see first w/ grain overload? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat grain overload? |
|
Definition
-gastric lavale
-PO AC
-IV fluids
-prevent laminitis: ice limb + Flunixin + wedge |
|
|
Term
| What are the syndromes that result from grain overload? |
|
Definition
-colic
-CV shock
-LAMINITIS |
|
|
