Term
|
Definition
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacrum
coccyx |
|
|
Term
| Abnormal Curvatures of the spine |
|
Definition
Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curve
Kyposis (hunchback) - dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve, convex
Lordosis (swayback) - lumbar curvature, concave |
|
|
Term
| Vertebral Column Curvatures (normal) |
|
Definition
Lordotic - 2 post. concave (cervical, lumbar)
Kyphotic - 2 post. convex (thoracic, sacral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Body - ant. weight bearing region
2. Vertebral Arch - pedicles (short, bony pillars that project post.) and laminae (flattened plates that fuse at medial line)
3. Vertebral Foramen - make up vertebral canal for spinal cord
4. Intervertebral foramen - lateral openings b/w adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves.
*** body and arch enclose foramen |
|
|
Term
| 7 Processes of the Vertebrae |
|
Definition
1. Spinous Processes - project post. arise from junction of 2 laminae
2. Transverse Processes (2) - project laterally
3. Superior Articular Processes (2) - protrude superiorly inferiorly
4. Inferior Articular Processes (2) - protrude inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| What are the attachment sites for the muscles that move the vertebral column and ligaments that stabilize it? |
|
Definition
- spinous process
- transverse process |
|
|
Term
| Which ones are the smallest, lightest vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- oval body
- spinous processes are bifid (not C7)
- large, triangular vertebral foramen
- transverse foramen in each transverse process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C1 (atlas) - ant. and post. arches and 2 lateral masses. No body or spinous process. Occipital bone touches it
C2 (Axis) - has body and dens (projections into ant. arch of atlas) The dens is a pivot for rotation of the atlas . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- doesn't articulate directly with any other bone
- site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
- occludes airway when pushed on
- lateral foramen for arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Nucleus Pulposus - inner, gelatinous nucleus, gives disc elasticity and compressibility
2. Annulus Fibrosus - outer - limites expansion of pulposus when spine is compressed, composed of collagen and fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Annulus Fibrosus, in post. direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Ant. Longitudinal - prevents hyperextension, ant. to body of vertebrae
2. Post. Longitudinal - post. to vertebrae, prevents too much flexion
*** these are major supporting ligaments and go from the neck to the sacrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3. Supraspinous Ligament - post. to the spinous process
4. Ligamentum Flavum - post. part of cord, ant. to spinous process, stretches when we bend forward and recoils when we stand erect. connects adjacent vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Short Ligaments of the spine |
|
Definition
| 5. Interspinous Ligament - between spinous processes |
|
|
Term
| Muscles of the neck - Post. Triangle |
|
Definition
ant. border - post. to SCM
post. border - ant. to trapezius
superior border - mandible (inf. to)
inferior border - clavicle (sup. to)
Muscles
1. SCM
2. Trapezius
3. Levator Scapulae
4. Scalenus Posterior
5. Scalenus Medius
6. Scalenus Anterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Nerves
- CN XI (spinal accessory n.)
- cervical plexus
- brachial plexus
- phrenic nerve (C3,4,5), for diaphragm
2. Vessels
- Subclavian a.
- transverse cervical a.
- suprascapular a.
- external jugular v.
3. Lymph nodes
- occipital
- supraclavicular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superior border - mandible
inferior border - sternum
lateral border - SCM |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Triangle Muscles |
|
Definition
1. sternohyoid
2. superior omohyoid
3. sternothyroid
4. stylohyoid
5. mylohyoid
6. geniohyoid
7. Digastric |
|
|
Term
| 2 Groups of muscles in Ant. Neck |
|
Definition
1. Suprahyoid - move hyoid and larynx (swallowing), form floor of oral cavity, and anchor tongue
- Digastric
- stylohyoid
- mylohyoid
- geniohyoid
2. Infrahyoid
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- omohyoid
- thyrohyoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing and provide PNS fibers to the parotid salivary glands. Sensory fibers conduct taste
2. CN X (vagus) - changes physio of the heart. Most motor fibers are PNS, sensory carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera
3. CN XI (accessory) - nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramina to innervate the trapezius and SCM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 31 pairs
a) 8 cervical (C1-C8)
b) 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
c) 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
d) 5 Sacral (S1-S5)
e) 1 coccygeal(co1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- each spinal nerve connectrs to the spinal cord via 2 roots
1. Ant. roots - contain motor (efferent) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons
2. Post. roots - contain sensory in the dorsal root ganglia, conduct impulses from periphery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves, they emerge from the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramina.
*C8 nerve exits via C7 vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What nerve is the major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Phrenic nerve, receives fibers from C3-C5. C5 alive, C4 breath no more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ends at axillary and gives to main nerves of upper limbs.
- formed by ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1
- roots, trunks, divisions (ant. and post.), cords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C2 - superior to the head
C4 - superior to clavicle
C6 - thumb (1st finger)
C7 - third finger
C8 - 5th finger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- are deep and protected by tissues
- blood pumped into single, systemic artery (aorta) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- both deep and superficial w/ many interconnections
- blood returns via superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. continuous capillaries - uninterupted w/ lining, tight junctions, usually incomplete and leave gaps. LEAST permeable, BBB
2. Fenestrated - more permeable, more oval pores
3. Sinusoidal - leaky, in liver & spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- respond to arterial pressure
- located in carotid sinuses, aortic arch (highest, 1st bp), walls of large arteries of neck and thorax. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- respond to rise in CO2 or drop in pH/O2
- located in: carotid sinus, aortic arch, large arteries of the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Internal Carotid a. (L,R)
2. Ant. Communicating a.
3. Post. Communicating a. (L,R)
4. Ant. cerebral a. (L,R)
5. Post. cerebral a. (L,R)
** unites brain's ant. and post. blood supply and equalizes bp in both areas. Internal Carotid feeds circle of willis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RUQ (head/neck/shoulder) - go to lyphatic duct then to right subclavian a.
Rest of body goes to thoracic duct then to left subclavian a. |
|
|
Term
| Lymph locations and function |
|
Definition
- are everywhere EXCEPT: bones, teeth, bone marrow, CNS
- returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- area to trap particles before going back into heart, unidirectional
1. Filter Lymph - macrophages destroy
2. Immune system - lymphocytes are activated and attack antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Tonsils - lingual, pharyngeal, palatine
2. spleen - largest organ for immune system(mono)
3. Thymus - internal mammary artery (blood supply), shrinks as you get older
4. Appendix
5. Peyer's Patches - in GI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Palatine - post. end of oral cavity
2. lingual - at base of tongue
3. pharyngeal - post. wall of nasopharynx(adenoids), a little superior to other 2 tonsils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- located at level of C3-C6, cont. w/ trachea
1. provides a patent airway
2. routes air and food to proper channels
3. voice production |
|
|
Term
| Which cartilages anchor vocal cords? |
|
Definition
- cuniform (runs parallel w/ epiglottis)
- Corniculate
- Arytenoid |
|
|
Term
| What is the emergency pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- false vocal cords
- lie superior to the vocal cords
- have no part in phonation
- help to close the glottis during swallowing
- pink(false), white(true), area b/w them is the glottis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Trachealis m. - gets foreign substances out of trachea, moves for food to go down, contracts during cough to expel mucus
2. Carina - last ring b/f trachea divides, look for obstruction here when child is choking, is point where trachea branches into 2 bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Suprahyoid (digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid)- helps push back food, elevates hyoid and larynx during swallowing
2. Infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, omohyoid) - depresses the hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speech. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- muscles contract, forcing food into esophagus inferiorly. Innervated by CN X
1. superior m - contracts, then closes after entry
2. middle m.
3. inferior m. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Circular m. - contract lumen, gets smaller
2. Longitudinal m. - esophagus gets shorter
3. Lower Esophageal Sphincter - end of esophagus, superior to stomach, closes esophagus, denies acid from stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Isthmus connects 2 lobes
- If T4 is high, TSH is low = hyperthyroidism
- If T4 is low, TSH is high = hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Thyroid (neg. feedback) |
|
Definition
1. Hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) which goes to ant. pituitary.
2. Ant. Pituitary secretes TSH, which goes to thyroid gland(end organ)
3. Thyroid secretes T4 & T3 if IODINE is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. T4(thyroxine) - 2 tyrosines and 4 bound iodine atoms
2. T3(triiodothyronine) - 2 tyrosines, 3 bound iodine
** in the body T4 can be converted to T3
** in the body there is some free T4/T3 and some is bound to proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypercalcemia - stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorp into bone matrix (dec. blood Ca2+ levels) pushes Ca2+ into bones.
- regulated by HUMORAL Ca2+, neg. feedback mech. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- embedded in post. aspect of the thyroid
- contain chief cells that secrete PTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis, raises Ca2+ level in blood |
|
|
