Term
| What are the borders of the thorax? |
|
Definition
| thorax extends from the inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly to the supeerior thoracic aperture. Diaphragm divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What is the arterial supply to the breast? |
|
Definition
| lateral mammary branches from lateral thoracic artery, medial mammary branches from internal thoracic |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic drainage of breast |
|
Definition
| parasternal (lateral), axillary( lateral), inferior phrenic (inferior) |
|
|
Term
| What is the thoracic cavity bounded by? |
|
Definition
| ribs, sternum, bodies of vert. |
|
|
Term
| what are the true ribs and where do they attach? What are the false and floating ribs, where do they attach? |
|
Definition
| true ribs, 1-7, attach to sternum via costal cartilage, 8-10 false ribs attach to CC of 7, floating 11 to 12, only posterior. |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the first and second ribs? |
|
Definition
first rib = cartilagenous immovable joint, second and seventh are synovial with some movement allotted.
first rib is flattened superior inferior, groove for sublclavian artery posterior to groove for subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fiber - lateral to medial
muscular posteriorly, membranous anteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fiber= medial to lateral
mscular anteriorly, membranous posteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inspiration: external intercostals, internal intercostals
expiration: internal intercostals |
|
|
Term
| muscles of the thorax, anterior to posterior |
|
Definition
| external intercostals, internal intercostals, intercostal AVN, innermost/transversus thoracis |
|
|
Term
| what lies to the side of the vertebra on both sides? |
|
Definition
sympathetic trunk ganglia,
sympathetic-thoracic and lumbar
parasympathetic-cranial and sacral |
|
|
Term
| two layers of pleura, purpose, and recesses? |
|
Definition
| parietal and visceral, allow for negative pressure needed for inspiration, costodiaphgramatic and costomediastinal, |
|
|
Term
| structures that cross the diaphragm and at what spinal level? |
|
Definition
| IVC-t8, esophageal t10, aorta with vagus nerve, t12 |
|
|
Term
| Left lung? lobes and impressions? |
|
Definition
2, divided by oblique fissure.
large cardiac impression, arch of aorta and descending aorta, subclavian artery, |
|
|
Term
| right lung? lobes and impressions? |
|
Definition
3 by oblique and horizontal fissures
diaphragmatic impression, arch of azygos, brachiocephalic vein, trachea and esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Levels of tissue in larynx? |
|
Definition
| epigolttis, thyroid, cricoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inferior and superior, inferior broken into anterior, middle and posterior |
|
|
Term
| boundaries of mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| diaphragm and first rib, superior and inferior divided at angle of louie anteriorly and t4 posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| Contents of superior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| SVC, arch of aorta, thoracic duct, trachea, esophagus, thymus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| contents of anterior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| remnants of thymus, lymph nodes, fat and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| contents of middle mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| pericardium, phrenic nerves, heart, roots of great vessels, arch of azygos, main bronchi |
|
|
Term
| contents of posterior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos and hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of the oblique and transverse sinuses of the heart? |
|
Definition
| represent the embryological heart, when it was simply a bent tube |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow through heart? |
|
Definition
| right atria, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atria, bicuspid (mitral) valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve aorta, ( coronary arteries come off of aorta and after dumping into their veins, the veins connect with the coronary sinus and go back into the right atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left anterior descending, if blocked = problems for left ventricle which provides blood flow to brain, thereby lots of problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coming off of aorta, there are the left and right coronary arteries, right branches into posterior descending and right marginal. Left branches into left anterior descending, left marginal and circumflex. |
|
|
Term
| Which veins run with which coronary arteries? |
|
Definition
| great coronary artery with left ant. descending, small cardiac vein runs with right marginal, middle cardiac runs with right posterior descending |
|
|
Term
| coronary blood flow variations? |
|
Definition
on left in posterior descending missing, it is taken over by circumflex and left coronary,
on right an abscent posterior descending dristribution can be taken over by long anterior ventricular |
|
|
Term
| what is the crista terminalis? |
|
Definition
| junction between the sinus venosus and the heart in the developing embryo, found in right atrium. divides smooth area from rough area (pectinate muscles), smooth area results from absorption of part of the primative vesels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ductus artereosus, shunts umbilical arteries to lungs
foramen ovale: shunts blood from the lungs
sinus venosus: shunts blood from the liver and back to placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atria to ventricle, AV valves open, semilunars closed.
contraction of atria responsible for pumping about 25% of the blood into the ventricle, rest moves down pressure gradient when valves open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricles to pulmonary trunk and aorta, semilunars open, av closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chordae tendinae attach leaflets of AV valves to papillary muscles
trabecule carnae (rough part of the wall) + moderator band to control rhythm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly smooth walls, roughened area is the auricle, remnant of embryological development |
|
|
Term
| pappilary muscles on tricuspid and bicuspid valves |
|
Definition
tricupsid, anterior, posterior and setpal
bicuspid: anterior and posterior |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary and aortic valves: |
|
Definition
pulmonary has anterior, left and right leaflets
aortic has right, left and posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sinoatrial node, AV node, bundle of hiss, right and left bundle branches to ventricles |
|
|
Term
| location of SA and AV nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designed to take 02 blood from placent to fetus, lungs nonfunctional, most blood from right side of heart is shunted to left through forament ovale, further shunting through ductus anteriosus |
|
|
Term
| azygous and hemiazygous veins? |
|
Definition
| hemiazygous drains left anterior body wall, azygous drains right anterior body wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right lobe of liver, gall bladder, pylorus of stomach, duodenum parts 1 to 3, pancreatic head, right suprarenal gland, right kidney, right colonic hepatic flexure, acending colon, superior part, transver colon right half |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cecum, vermiform appendix, most of ileum, acending colon, inferior part, right ovary, right uterine tube, right ureter, abdominal part, right spermatic cord abdominal part, uterus if enlarge,d urinary bladder if full |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left lobe of liver, spleen, stomach, jejunum and proximal ileum, pancreas body and tain, left kidney, left adrenal gland, left colic splenic flexur,e transverse colon left half, descending colon superior part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sigmoid colon, descending colon inferior part, left ovary, left uterin tube, left ureter abdominal part, left spermatic cord abdominal part, uterus if enlarged, urinary bladder if full |
|
|
Term
| 7 layers of anterolateral abdominal wall |
|
Definition
skin
superficial fascia
deep fascia
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat |
|
|
Term
| two layers of superficial fascia |
|
Definition
campers-superficial fatty contains superficial veins
scarpas-gives rise to fundiform lig of penis and can be sutured, also gives rise to tunica dartos of scrotum and superficial penile fascia |
|
|
Term
| What are the veins of the anterolateral abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
| paraumbilical veins normally drain to protal vein and anastomose with the superficial epigastric, superficial epigastric normally dumps to femoral vein |
|
|
Term
| what defines a portal system? |
|
Definition
| two capillary beds, one in liver, vein and another in intestines |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of blockage of portal drainage? |
|
Definition
| caput medusae, esophageal varcosies, hemorrhoids |
|
|
Term
| external oblique origin and insertion? what does muscle form? |
|
Definition
o: outer surface of ribs 6 to 12
i: linea alba, pubic tubercle, anterior 1/2 of iliac crest
free margin forms part of inguinal lig
aponeurotic fibers form external spermatic fascia |
|
|
Term
| internal oblique insertion and origin? what does it give rise do? |
|
Definition
o: thoracolumbar fascia, anterior two thirds of iliac crest, lateral half of inguinal lig
i: inferior borders 10 to 12th ris, linea alba, pubis via conjoint tendon
gives rise to cremaster muscle |
|
|
Term
| transversus abdominus muscle origin? |
|
Definition
| inner surfaces of 7th and 12th costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac creast, lateral third of inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| folds of peritoneum and what the go over? |
|
Definition
median- over urachus remnant
medial-over remnants of obliterated umbilical arteries
lateral: over inferior epigastric arteries
MUMALE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial to inferior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| relationship of anterolateral muscles of anterior body wall in regards to rectus abdominus/sheath |
|
Definition
above arcuate line- aponeurosis of external oblique anterior, internal splits and goes anterior and posteriorly, transversus posterior, transversalis fascia is posterior
below arcuate line, all 3 layers anterior to rectus abdominus, transversalis fascia only structure behind |
|
|
Term
| inguinal ligament represents? where does it run? |
|
Definition
| inferior border of the abdomen, runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, forms the major part of the floor of the inguinal canal. |
|
|
Term
| What runs through the inguinal canal for males and females? |
|
Definition
for males: spermatic cord
for females: round ligament-connects uterus to labium majora, similar structures in males called gubernaculum, connects testis to scrotum |
|
|
Term
| floor, roof and walls of the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
floor: lower edge of inguinal ligament and lacunar ligaments
roof: fibers of internal oblique and transversus
anterior wall: aponeurosis of extenral oblique and internal oblique
posterior wall: conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common, 20 times more likely in males, leave the abdominal cavity lateral to inferior epigastric vessels, through the deep inguinal ring, prone to strangulation
has peritoneum and the coverings of the spermatic cord over it bc the viscera herniate alongthe path of testicular descent in the case of an indirect hernia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less common, protrude through an area of weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, they are less prone to strangulation
covered by peritoneumalone |
|
|
Term
| what forms the posterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
| five lumbar vertebrae, their intervertebral disks, posterior abdominal muscles (quadratus, lumborum, psoas major and minor, iliacus) posterior part of the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
| quadratus lumborum attachments, innvervation and actions? |
|
Definition
superior: medial half of superior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes
inferior: iliolumbar ligament nd internal lip of the iliac crest
innervation T12-L4
actions: bilaterally extends, vertebral column, unilaterally flexes column, fixes ribs during inspiration |
|
|
Term
| psoas major muscle attachments, innervation, action? |
|
Definition
suprior: T12-L5 vertebrae and disks
inferior: along with iliacus muscle, lesser trochanter of femur
innervation: ventral rami L1-L3
flexes thigh, also a trunk flexor |
|
|
Term
| iliacus muscle attachments, innervation, action? |
|
Definition
superior 2/3rds of iliac fossa
inferior: along with psoas major muscle, lesser trochanter of remur, hip flexion
innervation: femoral nerve l2 to l4 |
|
|
Term
| sternal and costal portions of diaphgram? |
|
Definition
costal: inner surface of 7th to 9th CC, distal ends ofribs 10 to 12, arcuate ligaments
sternal portion: posterior surface of xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
| sliding and phrenoesophageal hiatal hernias? |
|
Definition
sliding: cardia of stomach slips through diaphragmatic hiatus, resulting in a bulge and often regurgitation
paraesophageal hiatal hernia: cardia remains in same place, but aspect of stomach body slips out, no regurgitation. portion that leaks through hiatus is anterior to esophagus, thus the name. |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply ot diaphragm? |
|
Definition
abdominal surface: inferior phrenic arteries, 1st pair arteries off abdominal aorta
thoracic surface: pericardicophrenic arteries, branches of musculophrenic arteries, small superior phrenic arteries off aorta |
|
|
Term
| Nerves of lumbar plexus and where they come from? |
|
Definition
| Formed by ventral rami of L1-L4 Give rise to the following nerves: Femoral L2-4 Obturator L2-4 Lumbosacral trunk L4-5 Ilioinguinal L1 Iliohypogastric L1 Genitofemoral L1-2 Lat. Cutaneous nerve of the thigh L2-3 Accessory obturator L3-4 (subcostal is from T12 not part of plexus but seen in posterior wall) |
|
|
Term
| nerves in relation to muscles? |
|
Definition
genitofemoral run on surface of psoas major splits
subcostal ilio's across illiacus to ant. thigh
lat and deep to psoas major femoral nerve
medial and deep to psoas = obtorator |
|
|
Term
| paired arteries off of aorta |
|
Definition
| gonadal, renal, suprarenal arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| retroperitoneal structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urine goes from corrtex to medulla to pappilae, to minor calyx, to major calyx, into renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethera so on and so forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abdominal aorta, what comes off superior to inferior? |
|
Definition
| inferior phrenic, celiac trunk subcostal artery, suprarenal arteries, superior mesenteric, renal arteries, lumbar arteries( intermittent) gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric, splits into common iliac, and then into external and internal iliac, inbetween the two common iliac is the median sacral artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right side to IVC, left side to renal veins |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic drainage in abdomen? |
|
Definition
| many para-aortic nodes, but dump into cysternae chilla at start of thoracic duct |
|
|
