PHILOPATRIC

Male vs. Female

Remaining in or returning to one's birthplace.

Male would be patrilocal societies - males defend territory to attract females

Female would be matrilocal societies - females stay together and cooperate when resources defensible

Tendency to view the traits, ways, ideas, and values observed in other cultural groups as inferior and less natural or logical than those of one’s own group

System of determining descent groups where one belongs to one's fathers line or one's mothers line.

Exclusively through male ancestors = PATRILINEAL / PATRILATERAL

Exclusively through female ancestors = MATRILINEAL / PATRILATERAL

Must marry outside of a certain group

CLANS

how tribal peoples divide themselves into family groups - cannot marry within clan as this would denote a relative too close to pair with.

LINEAGE
Lineages refer to ancestors and descendants. AKA the line of heritage

Must marry within your own group or status level

Biological ways of avoiding it:

Proximate mechanisms

Critical period

Childhood Familiarity

Need for mobility due to post-industrialization, economic pursuits outside of household, the need to move for jobs.

Generally found in North Americans and some Europeans

Living with the husbands family.  

• Seen in majority of societies.  
• Keeps related males together to work or fight.
• Usually agriculturalists or pastoralists.
• Makes divorce more difficult

Living with wife's family

• Keeps related femals together who havve more control/possesions
• Horticultural societies
• Husband's family usually not far away
• Divorce is easy

Paid to the bride’s family at marriage (by groom or his family)

Compensation for loss of daughter/grandchildren

Usually patrilocal/patrilineal

Living with the mother's brother

• Seen in matrilineal societies where descent is through the female line but males rule so power is transferred from uncle to nephew 
• Weak father figure and divorce is easy

Female Claustration

Definition

Types

Seen in patrilineal societies. Seclusion, Concealment, Mutilation, Cloistering

Female Circumcision

Clitoridectomy

Infibulation

Foot Binding

A designated period after marriage when the groom works for the bride’s family

Payment of a woman’s inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or her husband

• Paid to the bride's family at marriage (by groom or his family)
• Compensation for loss of daughter/grandchildren
• Usually patrilocal/patrilineal 

Wife stays with her family and husband with his

Family consists of siblings and their kids

If society is divided into two descent groups it is this - french for "Half"

Marriages must consist of one member from one side and one member from another

• Designated period after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family

• Payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or her husband
• Common in Eurasia and U.S. 
• Associated with intensive agriculture

Universal

A residential socioeconomic unit involving

Production

Consumption

Maintenance

New Guinea

Ceremonial Exchange

From North to South exchange of a brown necklace (Kula Ring) and white armbands

Reinforces social status though the hierarchy of gifts

• Uncommon
• Foragers and industrial nations
• Increased during post-industrial period because of associated mobility

• Domestic group consisting of parents, children, childrens spouses and children
• Minmum of 3 generations
• Most common form of family
• seen in farming communities 
• High among poor in our country

People who obtain food by hunting and collecting wild plant foods

Used to be much more prevalent, nowadays it occurs where food production isn't practical - arctic ; desert

High mobility - nothing tying foragers to one area

BAND level of pol. org. - small (less than 100) people

Related by blood and marriage

Flexible dividion of labor but men hunt and women gather / family manage

• Wife stays with her family and husband with his
• Family consists of siblings and their kids
• May be seen where people marry later and are stuck in their ways- don't want to disrupt household

• Universal
• A residential socioeconomic unit involving production, consumption, maintenance
• May be made up of one or more families

• Sort of an extended household
• e.g. Communes or band level societies where all adults are mother/father and everyone shares to some extent

• Foragers
• Food Producers- horticulturalists, agriculturalists
• animal husbandry/pastoralism

FOOD PRODUCTION SOCIETY 1:

HORTICULTURE

Gets rid of vegetation and pests and enriches soil

Moderate mobility

Forager/Horti = Band Level

Pastoral/Horti = Tribe Level

People who obtain food by hunting and collecting wild plant foods

• Relatively high mobility
• Where food production is not practical- arctic, desert
• May be associated with agricultural community

FOOD PRODUCTION GROUP 2:

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE

-Industrial v. Non-Industrial

Machines v. Plow / Animals

-Intensive Production

-Irrigation / Fertilization

-High Labor -> Sexual Division of Labor

-Modify Landscape more -> Terracing, Irrigation, Drainage

-This type led to civilization

The maximum population density a given environment can support using a particular subsistence strategy

• Low in foragers
• Popultion size is determined by available resources

• People wlho work small gardens using simple hand tools without irrigation or plow
• Slash and burn- swidden agriculture
• Gets rid of vegetation and pests- enriches soil
• usually moderate mobililty due to fallow period

Practicing Animal Husbandry

Dependence on animals for food, beasts of burden, byproducts, currency…

Involves degrees of nomadism

• Machines vs. Plow and animals
• Allows higher population density
• Continuous use of land
• Irrigation/Fertilization
• High labor
• Sexual division of labor

Seasonal movement of herds in relation to altitude

• Modified landscape more than other subsistence strategies
• Terracing
• Irrigation
• Drainage
• Led to civilization

• All early civilizations
• SE Asian rice farmers today

Reciprocity

Definition and 3 Types

reciprocity is a way of defining people's informal exchange of goods and labour; that is, people's informal economic systems. It is the basis of most non-market economies.

Generalized reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services without keeping track of their exact value, but often with the expectation that their value will balance out over time

Balanced or Symmetrical reciprocity occurs when someone gives to someone else, expecting a fair and tangible return - at a specified amount, time, and place

Negative reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services where each party intends to profit from the exchange, often at the expense of the other

• Physical, vocal, facial, gestural, olfactory
• Body language
• Sex and gender
•  biological and cultural
• Status/personality e.g. secure/insecure

In cultural anthropology and sociology, redistribution is a system of economic exchange within a social group intended to alter the distribution of goods.^[1] Typically this involves a strong, political centre such as kinship-based leadership which receives and distributes goods according to culturally specific principles.

An elaborate example of this in a non-market society is the potlatch, where large amounts of personal resources are ceremonially given away to others in the community according to social status, with the tacit expectation that other members of the community would themselves give away large amounts of their own property in the future

Human language learned through enculturation

-Biological and Cultural elements

• The arbitrary use of sounds, gestures, or characters that have ascribed meaning among a group of people

• Made up of sounds and symbols
• Written and spoken
• Arbitrary- culturally assigned
• Open system-infinite combinations of words in sentences
• Displacement in space and time

• The sounds that native speakers of a language perceive as being distinct e.g. "e" in French vs. English and Spanish
• They are meaningless individually
• When they are combined into proscribed sequence, the convey definite meaning

Syntax: rules for combining words into sentences