Term
| What are the three major categories of muscle protein? |
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Definition
| Contractile, Regulatory and structural. |
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Term
| What type of cells can be found between the basement and plasma membranes, play a role in hypertrophy and repair w/ muscle injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the two contractile muscle proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of regulatory muscle proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 6 structural muscle proteins? |
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Definition
| C-protein, titin, m-line proteins, a-actinin, desmin, spectrin and dystrophin. |
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Term
| What's the difference between active and passive tension in the length-tension relationship? |
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Definition
| Active: actin and myosin generate active tension. Passive: Stretch of non-contractile components of muscle --> increased stress --> contributes to overall tension in the muscle. |
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Term
| Compare the velocity of shortening in trained and untrained individuals lifting the same load. |
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Definition
| The trained individual will have a higher velocity of shortening. |
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Term
| Compare the amount of load a trained and untrained individual can lift whatn velocity of shortening is kept constant. |
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Definition
| The trained individual will be able to lift a higher load than the untrained, when lifting at equivalent velocities. |
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Term
| What happens to force as velocity decreases in a concentric contraction? |
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Definition
| As velocity decreases, the amount of force generated increases. |
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Term
| What happens to force as velocity decreases in an eccentric contraction? |
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Definition
| As velocity decreases, the amount of force decreases in an eccentric contraction. |
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Term
| If you want to generate the most force possible, would you want to do a fast or slow eccentric contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which generates the most force; a slow concentric, or a fast eccentric contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are men 'stronger' than women? |
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Definition
| Their muscle fibers have a larger cross-sectional area. Everything else about the muscles in each gender is physiologically equal. |
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Term
| What things are primarily responsible for decreased strength with increased age? (4) |
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Definition
| Decreased muscle mass (atrophy), hypoplasia, increased connective tissue and fat, decreased GH (responsible for stimulating tissue growth and protein synthesis). |
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Term
| What things are primarily responsible for decreased muscle power with increased age? (4) |
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Definition
| Decrease in muscle mass, decrease in spinal cord axons, decrease in nerve conduction velocity, decreased reaction and movement times. |
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Term
| What is responsible for decreased muscle endurance with increased age? |
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Definition
| Decreased capillaries/muscle fiber, decreased mitochondrial enzymes (decr. metabolism), atrophy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main protein that interacts with myosin during excitation/contraction coupling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transduces the conformational change of the troponin complex to actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds Ca2+ and transforms the calcium signal into a molecular signat to induce crossbridge cycling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Splits ATP and is responsible for the 'power stroke' of the myosin head. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holds myosin thick filaments in regular array. |
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Term
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Definition
| holds the thin filaments in place. |
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Term
| How long are the muscle cells in fusiform muscles? |
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Definition
| As long as the muscle is. They run the entire length of the muscle. |
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Term
| What is the benefit to a fusiform muscle? |
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Definition
| Faster contractile velocity and can shorten more --> increased ROM. |
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Term
| What is the major short-coming of fusiform muscles? |
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Definition
| They can't generate as much force per cross sectional area as pennate muscles. |
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Term
| What do pennate muscles look for? Give an example of a pennate muscle. |
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Definition
| like a leaf, or feather ie: gastroc. muscle |
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Term
| What is the benefit of a pennate muscle over a fusiform muscle? |
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Definition
| You can pack more cells into the same cross sectional area; more fibers --> more sarcomeres --> more force --> more power. |
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Term
| What's the difference between sarcomeres found in fusiform muscles and those found in pennate muscles? |
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Definition
| They aren't different. Pennate muscles just have more of them. |
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Term
| Which can generate more force; pennate or fusiform muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which can move through a greater ROM; pennate or fusiform muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a man and a woman have the same amount of muscle, which will be able to generate more force? |
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Definition
| They'll be able to generate the same amount of force. Force generation per cross-sectional area remains constant, regardless of gender. |
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