Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| universal energy source for all organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| adding a phosphate group to another chemical |
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Definition
| adding water to another chemical |
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Term
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Definition
production of energy by the cell
two kinds: anaerobic and aerobic |
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Definition
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Definition
| w/ oxygen...chemical pathway...aerobics is a form of exercise |
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Definition
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Definition
| like plant starch...a bunch of glucose strung together. |
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Definition
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Definition
| rupture of...break apart glycogen into individual glucose molicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| specific and precise sequences |
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Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 1: Glycolysis |
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Definition
a. anaerobic
b. occurs in the cytoplasm
c. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
ATP production GLU
4 ATP - 2 ATP = 2 ATP
ATP production GLY
4 ATP - 1 ATP = 3 ATP
d. end products
Pyruvic acid (aerobic)
Lactic acid (anaerobic) |
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Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 2: Formation of Acetyl CoA |
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Definition
a. Does not directly utilize oxygen but must be aerobic.
b. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
c. No ATP produced
d. Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA
e. 2 NADH+H(pos)
f. 2 CO2
g. 2 acetyl CoA |
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Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 3: The Kreb Cycle |
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Definition
A. Does not directly utilize O2 but must be aerobic
B. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
C. 2 ATP
D. 6 NADH+H(pos)
E. 2 FADH2
F. 4 CO2 |
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Term
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stage 4: Electron transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
A. Directly utilizes O2 as the final electron acceptor
B. Occurs in the Cristae(inner membrane) of the mitochondria
C. Produces 3 ATP for each NADH+H(pos) and 2 ATP for each FADH2
D. 2H(pos) + 2e(neg) + 1/2 O2 --> H2O |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes in a biochemical pathway that take the longest time |
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Term
| Phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
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Definition
| rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis...inhibited by acid |
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Term
| Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (ICD) |
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Definition
| Rate limiting enzyme in the Krebs Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| rate limiting enzyme in the electron transport system (ETS) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| neurohormonal coordination |
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Definition
| nervous and endocrine systems work together |
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Definition
| production of new glucose from a non glucose source |
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Term
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Definition
| Your are almost 100% aerobic at rest and as you increase your activity you become more anaerobic |
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Term
| Time-Energy System Continuum |
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Definition
1. Alactic Anaerobic Metabolism (phosphagen system)....generates phosphate groups...ATP-PC...lasts approx. 10 secs of maximal work load.
2. Lactic Acid System....anaerobic glycolysis....approx 2 mins. before getting winded and not being able to continue.
3. Aerobic Oxidation (O2 system).... aerobic glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETS... virtually unlimited...can use fat as energy source. |
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Term
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Definition
| any chemical reaction in the body that deals with energy |
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Term
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Definition
maximal oxygen uptake
ml of O2 * kg(-1) * min(-1) |
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Term
| measurements of anaerobic metabolism |
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Definition
| ATP-PC (biopsy) and Lactate (drop of blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which you can do work |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of work you can do |
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Term
| Tests of anaerobic power and capacity |
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Definition
wingate anaerobic test (bike test)
Margaria-Kalamen Stair Climb test (sprint up stairs timed)
Field tests
vertical jump test...rough estimate of power...there is a learning component
Sprint and middle distance runs (400 meter test) |
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Term
| Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) |
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Definition
Better term for oxygen deficit...you consume more O2 after exercise.
1.Recovery Oxygen
2. Phosphagens (ATP and PC)
3. Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis
4. Supercompensation |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid recovery Oxygen phase (RRP)
Slow recovery oxygen phase (SRP) |
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Term
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Definition
1. 100% in 3-5 mins - how long it takes to get back your phosphagens
2. Oxygen needed
3. RRP
4. CHO, Fats, and lactic acid
5. Half-Reaction Time (approx 20-30 secs) how long it takes to get 50% of the phosphagens back
6 Size of RRP (2-6 liters)- how much O2 we need to do this.
7. It is possible to improve O2 storage through exercise. |
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Term
| Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis |
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Definition
1. Continuous Endurance Exercise - slow utilization of glycogen but it can be depleated severly
2. Intermittent, Short duration exercise - we can use a lot or a little |
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Term
| Physiological factors affecting Glycogen Resynthesis |
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Definition
1. amount of glycogen depleted - if we've used a lot it takes longer to replenish
2. Glycogen Precursor Availability -ex. Glucose, lactic acid..are they available? This makes it faster.
3. Muscle Fiber Type - FT muscle fiber synthesises glycogen faster than ST. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| liver glycogen replenishment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measured by blood samples...when there is an increase in LA production your have reached the threshold |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pain - can hinder performance
2. Performance Decrement
a. metabolic fatigue
b. muscular fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
1. Excretion in the urine and sweat
2. Conversion to glucose and/or glycogen
3. Oxidation/Conversion to carbon Dioxide and water
4. Remains as lactate in body - small amounts |
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Term
| Lactate removal postexercise |
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Definition
| your will get rid of it quicker if you do a cool down and have an exercise recovery. the optimal intensity is low for 5-10 minutes...helps to make LA back to GLU or GLY. |
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Term
| Male v. Female anaerobic Characteristics |
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Definition
| men typically have larger muscles and can store more glycogen |
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Term
| anaerobic exercise characteristics of children |
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Definition
| kids have smaller muscles that can store less glycogen than adults |
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Term
| Anaerobic exercise characteristics of older adults |
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Definition
| due to lack of exercise they lost most muscle definition |
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Term
| Heritability of anaerobic characteristics |
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Definition
| highly genetically determined but not quite a high as aerobic |
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Term
| ATP Production from Carbohydrate |
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Definition
From glucose:
skeletal muscle: 36 (looses w/ transfer of NADH2 into mitocondria)
Heart muscle: 38
From Glycogen:
skeletal muscle: 37
heart muscle: 39
just add 1 |
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Term
| Fat (Triglyceride) Metabolism |
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Definition
requires aerobic metabolism
1. When carbohydrates are depleated we oxidize fat for energy. This Beta oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial Matrix. Triglicerides are reduced to FFA and glycerol by a lipase enzyme. Fat metabolism is activated by cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine and growth hormone.
2. ATP Production from Fatty Acids
3. Ketone Bodies and Ketosis
Ketone-metabolic by products of fat metabolism...primarily fat..acidic.
Ketosis-uses fat as energy source. |
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Term
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Definition
Recieve very little energy.
High protein diets can lead to dehydration.
1. Transamination
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. ATP Production from Amino Acids |
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Term
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Definition
| amino groups transfered from one group to another = waste (uria) |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of new glucose from a non glucose system |
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Term
| ATP Production from Amino Acids |
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Definition
vary depending on the Amino Acid
There are 3 specific Branch Amino Acids. |
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Term
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Definition
measures heat production.
Calories are units of heat.
Lab measurement of Aerobic Metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures amount of O2 consumed and CO2 produced...1-1 relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| having a person exhale into a collection chamber and measure the contents of the bag |
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Term
| Open-Circuit Indirect Spirometry |
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Definition
| A computer machine that measures your O2 consumption and CO2 exhalation on a breath by breath basis and then analizes the info after the workout |
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Term
| Short-term, light-to-moderate intensity submaximal exercise |
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Definition
| more aerobic metabolism....under 3 mins is anaerobic |
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Term
| Prolonged, moderate-to-heavy submaximal exercise |
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Definition
| primarily aerobic until extremely heavy exercise demand |
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Term
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Definition
| After 30 mins at a comfortable pace your O2 consumption will go up a bit, even w/o an increase in workload |
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Term
| Incremental exercise to maximum |
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Definition
| very easy start then gradually increase til you cant go anymore |
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Term
| Static and Dynamic-resistance exercise |
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Definition
| primarily anaerobic - weight training |
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Term
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Definition
| uses 3-13% of VO2 during heavy exercise |
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Term
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
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Definition
RER = CO2/O2
Can determine what energy source an athlete is using.
1.0 = Using nothing but carbs
0.7 = Using nothing but fat
Between 1.0 an 0.7 = combination of fat, carbs, and some protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aerobically trained athletes can improve lactate threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| how many liters of O2 you would need to consume to work at a certain pace at a given activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| how many calories it takes to do activity. 100 calories - walk 1 mile on flat terrain for the average person (154 lbs). |
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Term
| Metabolic Equivalent (MET) |
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Definition
Amount of O2 you consume at rest based on your body mass. Vertually everyone has the same resting O2 consumption..
1MET = 3.5mlO2*kg(-1)*min(-1) |
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Term
| Field estimates of energy expenditure during exercise |
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Definition
1. Metabolic calculations based on mechanical work or standard energy use
2. Motion Sensors and Accelerometers
3. Activity Recalls and Questionaires - least accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| how much energy it takes to do something. ex. fuel efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| how much work you can do/the amount of energy needed to do it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the energy you spend doing an activity and the energy you spend doing nothing. Active energy - resting energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in energy expenditure doing same activity with greater workload |
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Term
| Economy of Walking and Running |
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Definition
| can you do the same thing and burn less calories? |
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Term
| Influence of sex and age on economy |
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Definition
sex - depends on who you ask
age - late teens to late 50's are more economical than young and elderly people |
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Term
| Why do economy and efficiency matter? |
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Definition
| As you become more economical and efficient your performance goes up |
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Term
| Heritability of Aerobic characteristics |
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Definition
| strongly genetically influenced 60's-90's% |
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