Term
|
Definition
| - visualizes crown, contact points, roots, apices and area around apices in only one arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Indicates periapical pathosis, lesions in alveolar process, and lesions in body of jaws
- proximal caries in anterior teeth |
|
|
Term
| Interproximal (Bitewing) Radiograph |
|
Definition
- visualizes crowns, periodontal bone level, and contact points in both arches
- excludes apices |
|
|
Term
| Interproximal (Bitewing) Radiograph |
|
Definition
| - Indicates proximal and occlusal caries in posterior teeth, and asses periodontal bone loss in posterior teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- depicts tissues around roots of all teeth and crowns of anterior teeth
- doesn't depict crowns of posterior teeth well due to different angulation |
|
|
Term
| Interproximal (Bitewing) Radiograph |
|
Definition
| - depicts crowns, periodontal bone level and contact points of posterior teeth with less distorion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- periapical and bitewing radiographs that depict all tooth-bearing structures
- number of PA and BW radiographs depend on number of teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T/F: No molars in upper and lower = no BWs |
|
|
Term
| Three types of occlusal radiographs |
|
Definition
1. Maxillary cross-sectional occlusal
2. Mandibular anterior occlusal
3. Mandibular cross-sectional occlusal |
|
|
Term
| Maxillary cross-sectional occlusal |
|
Definition
| - visualizes large areas of maxilla (palate and alveolus); but teeth are distorted |
|
|
Term
| Maxillary cross-sectional occlusal |
|
Definition
- Indicates impacted anterior teeth, large pathologic lesions, and localizing objects in buccal-lingual dimension
- Used if looking for permanent canine and can only see crown in PA |
|
|
Term
| Mandibular anterior occlusal |
|
Definition
- Visualizes anterior mandibular alveolar process
- Does not depict floor of mouth |
|
|
Term
| Mandibular anterior occlusal |
|
Definition
| - Indicates presence of developing permanent teeth in children and visualizing large pathologic lesions in anterior mandible |
|
|
Term
| Mandibular anterior occlusal |
|
Definition
| - Indicates presence of developing permanent teeth in children and visualizing large pathologic lesions in anterior mandible |
|
|
Term
| Mandibular Cross-Sectional Occlusal |
|
Definition
- X-rays hit sensor at right angles
- visualizes floor of mouth and body of mandible; but teeth are distorted (crowns w/no roots) |
|
|
Term
| Mandibular Cross-Sectional Occlusal |
|
Definition
| - Indicates objects in floor of mouth (sialoliths) and localizing objects in buccal-lingual dimension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interproximal (Bitewing) Radiograph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interproximal (Bitewing) Radiograph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maxillary Cross-Sectional Occlusal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mandibular Anterior Occlusal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mandibular Anterior Occlusal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mandibular Cross-Sectional Occlusal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Occlusal Margin 2. Enamel 3. Metal Restoration 4. Dentin 5. Pulp 6. Periodonal Ligament 7. Bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Periodontal Ligament Space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A. Posterior Mandible (sparse trabeular bone) B. Maxillary trabecular bone (granular trabecular bone) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incisive Foramen/Nasopalatine Foramen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Median Palatal Suture/Intermaxillary Suture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maxillary Sinus (Pneumatization) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maxillary Sinus (Posterior Wall) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A. Coronoid Process of Mandible B. Zygoma C. Zygomatic Process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pterygoid Plates and Hamular Process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(black arrow) Coronoid process of Mandible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - radiolucent because of soft tissue in middle of tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - most radiopaque tissue in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- less radiopaque
- more organic material and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - extensions of pulp into roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- normally cannot be distinguished from dentin
- can be distinct in hypercementosis |
|
|
Term
| Periodontal Ligament Space |
|
Definition
- radiolucent line outside roots
- contains soft tissues that anchor roots into alveolar process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- varies in thickness
- usually thinner in middle root and wider in apices/alveolar crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Widened PDL space bay indicate _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - thin around unerupted and unopposed teeth due to lack of function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a root has two convexities a ______ can be seen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - common in upper posterior teeth and mesial roots of lower molars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- radiopaque line surrounding PDL space representing bone into which ligaments attach to alveolus
- appearance can vary due to different horizontal angulations
- loss of this is an important sign of inflammation in association with PDL thickening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - gingival margin of alveolar process extending between teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - appears as radiopacity at superior aspect of alveolar process |
|
|
Term
| False! The alveolar crest is NO more than 2.0 mm apical to CEJ. |
|
Definition
| T/F: In health, the alveolar crest is more than 2.0 mm apical to CEJ. |
|
|
Term
| False! The alveolar crest is NO more than 2.0 mm apical to CEJ. |
|
Definition
| T/F: In health, the alveolar crest is more than 2.0 mm apical to CEJ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - pointed structure in anterior teeth and flat in posterior areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Continuation of Lamina Dura |
|
|
Term
| Trabecular/Cancellous Bone |
|
Definition
| - thin interlacing radiopaque plates and rods (trabeculae) interspersed between cortical plates |
|
|
Term
| Trabecular/Cancellous bone |
|
Definition
| - in Maxilla: thin and numerous, producing granular pattern |
|
|
Term
| trabecular/cancellous bone |
|
Definition
| - In Mandible: fewer trabeculae, often oriented horizontally in step-ladder pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - step-ladder pattern of trabecular bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - granular pattern of trabecular bone |
|
|
Term
| Thin, in maxilla and anterior mandible |
|
Definition
| where cortical plates are ____ trabeculae be more numerous to bolster jaw. |
|
|
Term
| thick, posterior mandible |
|
Definition
| Where cortical plates are ____ not as many trabeculae are needed for strength. |
|
|
Term
| False! Loss of trabeculae can indicate destructive disease. |
|
Definition
| T/F: Loss of trabeculae do not indicate destructive disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- connective tissue sorrounding developing tooth
- produces cementum, PDL, and part of alveolar bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - usually appears as thin, uniform radiolucency around unerupted tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - may be thicker in some areas such as the maxillary canine, but significant thickening may indicate disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- delicate connective tissue that forms dental pulp and dentin
- appears as a radiolucency subjacent to developing crown
- confluent with dental follicle on radiographs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- carry neurovascular tissue to bone and teeth
- thick, uniform vertical radiolucent lines |
|
|
Term
True!!
- anterior mandible
- african americans
- hypertension
- periodontitis |
|
Definition
| T/F: Nutrient Canals are most prominent in the anterior mandible as well as african americans, patients with hypertension and periodontitis. |
|
|
Term
| Incisive Foramen/Nasopalatine Foramen |
|
Definition
- oral opening of nasopalatine canals
- carries nasopalatine vessels and nerves
- midline of anterior maxilla behind central incisors at junction of median palatal and incisive sutures |
|
|
Term
| Incisive Foramen/Nasopalatine Foramen |
|
Definition
- solitary radiolucency between centrals
- usually indistinct border, but may be well defined
- may appear heart shaped with anterior nasal spine is superimposed
- must distinguish from inflammatory disease around incisor roots |
|
|
Term
| median palatal suture/intermaxillary suture |
|
Definition
- union of palatal shelves
- appears as thin, uniform radiolucent line vertically positioned between central incisors
- may be widened at alveolar crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extend from floor of nasal cavities to palate
- carry nasopalatine vessels and nerve to anterior palate
- paired radiolucencies
- vertically from nose to palate
- thick and uniform
- borders may appear hyperostotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- paired air cavities superior to oral cavity
- appear as radiolucencies overlying anterior teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - associated with anterior wall of nasal fossa, nasal septum, and inferior turbinate bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- consists of vomer and cartilage
- appears as vertical, irregulat radiopacity between nasal fossae
- often deviated |
|
|
Term
| Anterior wall/Floor of nasal fossa |
|
Definition
- inferior aspect of opening of nasal fossa
- appears as bilateral, densely radiopaque, uniformly thick lines extending laterally from midline subjacent to nasal fossae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - produces faintly radiopaque image around septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- attached to lateral wall of nasal fossa
- delicately radiopaque, curved structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protuberance of bone subjacent to midline of nasal fossae at inferior junction of nasal septum
- usually 1.5-2.0 cm superior to alveolar process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- superimposed over maxillary anterior teeth and nasal fossae
- faintly radiopaque, rounded line of contrast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- depression over buccal aspect of lateral incisor root
- appears as diffuse faintly radiolucent image overlying lateral root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- air-filled cavity lined by mucoperiosteum in maxilla
- usually extends from canine to molars, may be smaller
- appears as a round or oval radiolucency
- surrounded by thin uniform radiopaque wall
- may extend btwn roots of teeth and may have septa within cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- radiopacity over roots of posterior teeth
- wall of nasal fossa imposed on maxillary sinus |
|
|
Term
| maxillary sinus: Pneumatization |
|
Definition
- expansion of air into alveolar process
- endentulous space caused by sinus expanding into alveolar ridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - line of contrast depicting line extending from corner of nose to corner of lip |
|
|
Term
| zygomatic process of maxilla |
|
Definition
- articulates with zygoma
- thickened extension on buccal surface of maxilla
- articulation of zygoma w/maxilla
- buttress that prevents maxilla from separating from base of skull |
|
|
Term
| zygomatic process of maxilla |
|
Definition
- arises btwn 1st and 2nd molars on buccal surface of maxilla
- thick, densely radiopaque U shaped structure superimposed over maxillary sinus
- zygoma attaches to process and extends posteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- usually thicker than sinus wall
- U shaped while sinus wall is more gradually curved/parallel to alveolar crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- articulates anteriorly with zygomatic process of maxilla
- appears inferiorly and posteriorly to zygomatic process
- uniformly radiopaque, rounded structure superimposed on maxillary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - posterior aspect of maxilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- medial and lateral ____ are posterior to maxillary tuberosity
- appear as single rectangular radiopacity superimposed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extends inferiorly from medial pterygoid plate
- appears as punching bag radiopacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extends from medial aspect of inferior orbit to nasal cavity below inferior turbinate
- can appear on maxillary occlusal radiographs as round/oval radiolucency in molar area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extends from medial aspect of inferior orbit to nasal cavity below inferior turbinate
- can appear on maxillary occlusal radiographs as round/oval radiolucency in molar area |
|
|
Term
| coronoid process of Mandible |
|
Definition
- beak-shaped process at superior aspect of mandibular ramus
- appears on maxillary molar PA
- well-defined, uniformly radiopaque structure arising at posterio and inferior aspect of maxillary molar PA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bony extensions on lingual surface of anterior mandible
- attachments for genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles
- usually seen only on occlusal cross-sectional radiographs
- appears as linear, uniformly radiopaque structures at midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protuberances on anterior aspect of mandible, sweeping from canine area to midline
- represent prominence of chin
- appear as symmetrical, curved radiopaque lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opening in lingual surface of mandible
- terminal branches of incisive branch of mandibular canal exit through foramen
- appears as small radiolucency surrounded by radiopaque cortical wall of canal
- donut-like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- depression on anterior aspect of mandible above mental ridge
- appears as diffuse radiolucency around roots of incisors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- opening in buccal surface of mandible for branch of trigeminal nerve and vessels
- usually located between 1st and 2nd premolars, near apices
- usually appears as round or ocal radiolucency, may have corticated border |
|
|
Term
Upper Left: Anterior Nasal Spine Upper Right: Soft tissue of nose Lower Left: Lateral Fossa Lower Center: Maxillary Sinus Lower Right: Maxillary Sinus: Inverted Y |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mandibular/Inferior Alveolar Canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Top Arrow: External Oblique Ridge Bottom Arrom: Internal Oblique/Mylohyoid Ridge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal Oblique/Mylohyoid Ridge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Submandibular Gland Fossa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mandibular/inferior alveolar canal |
|
Definition
- channel for manddibular branch of trigeminal nerve and vessels
- runs through ramus and body of mandible from molar to incisor area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurovascular tissue enters mandible at the _____. |
|
|
Term
| mandibular/inferior alveolar canal |
|
Definition
- appears as thick, linear radiolucency inferior to roots of teeth
- may have slightly corticated borders
- visualized in molar and premolar area, harder to seen anterior of mental foramen |
|
|
Term
| internal oblique/mylohyoid ridge |
|
Definition
- protuberance of bone on lingual surface of mandible
- attachment of mylohyoid muscle
- appears as linear radiopaque structure running obliquely downward/forward from molars to premolars at level of root apices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- continuation of anterior border of mandibular ramus
- arises lateral to alveolar process from 3rd to 1st molar area
- thick in posterior areas
- thinner anteriorly
- appears as linear radiopaque structure running obliquely downward/forward from 3rd molar area |
|
|
Term
| internal oblique/mylohyoid ridge |
|
Definition
- attachment of mylohyoid muscle which supports floor of oral cavity
- it is lower (like a floor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- arises from ascending ramus
- so it is higher (ascending) |
|
|
Term
| submandibular gland fossa |
|
Definition
- depression in lingual aspect of mandible below mylohyoid ridge in molar region
- submandibular salivary gland in here
- diffuse radiolucency with sparse trabecular pattern |
|
|
Term
| submandibular gland fossa |
|
Definition
| - looks very dark in contrast to mylohyoid ridge superior to it |
|
|
Term
| two techniques for PA radiographs |
|
Definition
- paralleling
- bisecting angle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - preferred because it produces images with minimal distortion, minimal discomfort and minimal overlap of zygoma on maxillary molars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- contains 15 PA radiographs
- ____ in maxilla
- ____ in mandible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- L/R molar
- L/R premolar
- L/R canine
- L/R central-lateral incisor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- L/R molar
- L/R premolar
- L/R canine-lateral incisor
- central incisor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- size 2
- "a" at occlusal aspect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- size 1 sensor
- "a" at apical aspect |
|
|
Term
| maxillary/mandibular molar PA standards |
|
Definition
- size 2
- 1st, 2nd, 3rd w/at least 2mm of bone surrounding lamina dura
- if no 3rd molar, must see at least 6mm distal to 2nd molar
- should see maxillary tuberosity
- must see 3rd molar area even if not there
- do not need to see all of unerupted 3rd molar |
|
|
Term
| False! should show 6mm distal to 2nd |
|
Definition
| T/F: if there is no 3rd molar, the radiograph must show at least 3mm distal to 2nd molar |
|
|
Term
| Maxillary/mandibular Premolar PA in adults |
|
Definition
- size 2
- distal 1/2 of canine, 1st/2nd premolar, 1st molar with at least 2mm of bone around lamina dura
- contact point between 1st premolar and canine |
|
|
Term
| maxillary/mandibular premolar PA in children |
|
Definition
| - include distal 1/2 of canine, 1st/2nd deciduous molars and 1st permanent molar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- size 1
- canine and distal 1/2 of lateral incisor w/at least 2mm bone around lamina dura
- contact points between canine and lateral incisor with no more than 1/2 enamel thickness overlapped
- palatal cusp of 1st premolar overlaps distal surface of canine (OK) |
|
|
Term
| maxillary central/lateral incisor PA |
|
Definition
- central and lateral incisor on side being radiographed w/at least 2mm of bone around lamina dura
- contact points between central and lateral incisors and between 2 central incisors w/no more than 1/2 enamel thickness overlapped |
|
|
Term
| mandibular canine-lateral PA |
|
Definition
- size 1 sensor
- canine and lateral incisor w/at least 2mm bone around lamina dura
- contact points between canine and lateral incisor w/no more than 1/2 enamel thickness overlapping
- no contact point between canine and 1st premolar |
|
|
Term
| mandibular central incisor PA |
|
Definition
- all 4 central incisors w/at least 2mm bone around lamina dura
- contact points between all incisors w/no more than 1/2 enamel thickness overlapping |
|
|
Term
1. Horizontal angle alighnment
2. sensor placement
3 vertical angle alignment
4. align PID w/coronal aspect of sensor
5. align PID w/anterior aspect of sensor |
|
Definition
| List 5 steps in making PA radiographs with paralleling techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - angulation of PID around head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- measured with respect to sagittal plane
- 0 degrees = directed through central incisors, parallel to sagittal plane
- 90 degrees = perpendicular to sagittal plane |
|
|
Term
| maxillary/mandibular molar horizontal angulation |
|
Definition
- horizontal angle = 90 degrees
- may be decreased to 80 degrees if 3rd molar not present
- center of PID lined up with outer canthus of eye |
|
|
Term
| maxillary/mandibular premolar horizontal angulation |
|
Definition
- horizontal angle usually aligned perpendicular to buccal surface of 1st molar
- minimizes overlapping btwn premolars and 1st molar
- align angles between premolars if 1st molar absent |
|
|
Term
| maxillary canine horizontal angulation |
|
Definition
- horizontal angle perpendicular to facial surface of canine or embrasure btwn canine and lateral incisor
- minimizes overlapping btwn canine and lateral incisor |
|
|
Term
| maxillary central-lateral incisor horizontal angulation |
|
Definition
- horizonal angle aligned at embrasure space between central/lateral incisors
- minimizes overlapping btwn teeth and btwn 2 central incisors |
|
|
Term
| mandibular canine-lateral incisor horizontal angulation |
|
Definition
| - horizontal angle aligned perpendicular to facial surface of canine or embrasure space btwn canine and lateral incisor |
|
|
Term
| mandibular incisor horizontal angulation |
|
Definition
- horizontal angle aligned with embrasure space btwn central incisors
- 0 degrees |
|
|
Term
| Dentsply Rinn XCP instrument |
|
Definition
- plastic biteblock w/positioning rod and plastic ring attached
- can be sterilized
- easy to avoid errors
- not easy to modify angulation of central ray when necessary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Styrofoam biteblock
- disposable
- easy to use/modify
- more likely to lead to errors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- not recommended
- rigid, limited biting surface
- useful with children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - must contact crowns of teeth in order to capture apices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- must be placed toward midline to be parallel to long axis of tooth
- more comfortable
- must be parallel to horizontal alignment of PID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T/F: when placing biteblock for maxillary PA radiographs you place the sensor at the midline of the palate and at an angle. |
|
|
Term
| True! If the patient was told to bite without you stabilizing the biteblock it will shift out of place. |
|
Definition
| T/F: You hold the biteblock as the patient bites down in ensure proper alignment. |
|
|
Term
| False! You place the sensor horizontally past the anterior teeth. |
|
Definition
| T/F: You place the sensor vertically past anterior teeth for posterior PAs. |
|
|
Term
| False! You have the patient raise their tongue to get it out of the way. |
|
Definition
| T/F: When placing biteblock for mandibular PAs you have patient lower tongue against floor of mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T/F: You place the sensor almost flat against floor of mouth away from the arch in mandibular PAs. |
|
|
Term
| False! The sensor will rotate downward into the floor of the mouth as the patient closes. The muscles in the floor of the mouth relax and the sensor is in the most comfortable position for the patient. |
|
Definition
| T/F: The sensor will rotate upwards if you hold the biteblock as the patient closes. |
|
|
Term
| DEcrease the horizontal angle to project the canine onto sensor and will not cause too much overlapping. |
|
Definition
| What is the only option when it is difficult to place a sensor anteriorly enough to capture the distal half of the canine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - angle made by central ray and occlusal plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- vertical angle too large
- apicies of teeth projected toward middle of sensor and crowns projected off sensor
- projects zygomatic process over roots of maxillary molars
- projects buccal sucps farther down than palatal cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- vertical angle too small
- apices projected to edge of sensor and crowns projected toward middle of sensor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - beam not aligned, part of sensor not exposed |
|
|
Term
| False! PAs and BWs provide only 2 dimensional views |
|
Definition
| T/F: You can see depth in PA and BW radiographs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - images of objects at different distances from sensor will move relative to eachother when two radiographs are exposed at different angulations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase horizontal angulation, image shifts to _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decrease horizontal angulation, image shifts to ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PID moves distally = image moving ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PID moves mesially = image moves ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase positive vertical angulation/decrease negative vertical angulation (move PID up) = image shifts ____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Image of buccal object shifts __(more/less)__ in the opposite direction of tube head than image of lingual objects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Image of lingual object moves ___ in the opposite direction than the image of buccal objects. |
|
|
Term
| How to use the image shift principle |
|
Definition
1. make radiograph of area
2. identify relation of unknown object to known structure (pulp space)
3. make 2nd radiograph at different vertical/horizontal angle
4. which image shifted more in opposite direction of tube head in 2nd radiograph? |
|
|
Term
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Definition
- Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal
- based on a lie! |
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