Where Does Nutrition Fit?

Environment

- Injuries

- Heat / cold stress

- Crowding

Profitability / Longevity

- Waste disposal 

Genetics

   Nutrition

- Deficiencies

- Toxicities

- Anti-quality agents

Health Status

- Acute disease

- Chronic disease

- Biosecurity

Why Study Nutrition?

-Nutrition influences the characteristics of livestock products and thus influences consumer purchases

• Consumer attitudes towards diet consciousness will influence lean meat production - nutrition plays a major role

in achieving this goal

-Influences of Nutrition on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Meat

-Economics - Feed costs represent the major cost (50 – 80%) of production in most animal enterprises.

Influences of Nutrition on the Quantitative

and Qualitative Characteristics of Meat

• Protein content

• Fat content - calories

• Cholesterol

• Tenderness and juiciness

• Color and shelf-life

• Presence of unwanted residues

• Food safety

Global Trends In Agriculture

• Increased competition to supply protein

• Among beef, pork, chicken

• Increased specialization

• Increased use of technology

• Capital intensive

• Relatively low returns on investment

Trends in US Agriculture:

• Size vs. Sales
• Multi-Enterprise vs Specialization
• Percentage of Farms with Each Species
• Specialization is the result of the need for economic efficiency!
• Specialization Encourages

Use of Technology

• Profit margins on agricultural products are decreasing            • The free market creates a competitive environment  
•  To remain competitive, producers must specialize and adopt new technology - That may not be simple to manage • Beta agonists
•  Early adopters of proven technology reduce production costs, widen the gap in profitability between high-cost and low-cost producers, and eventually increase market share

How does Zilmax help the environment?

With just one bag of Zilmax, farmers can raise enough beef to meet the

annual demand of more than 100 people.

• That same bag also enables them to conserve 41,567 gallons of water

– Day’s worth of drinking water for 80,000 people.

US Livestock Feed Production

Percentage of Total Tons of Feed Produced

33.5-poultry

21.7-dairy

24.1-swine

20.2 -beef

Ruminants make it possible to incorporate resources, that are otherwise not suitable for direct human consumption into the human food chain.

Spending on Pets

• 35.9 billion (2005) vs. 17 billion (1994)

• Does not include horses or prescription medication

• 7th largest retail segment in the United States

• 14.5 billion for food

• The pet industry is 60% larger than the toy

industry and 33% larger than the candy industr

Nutrition Influences Longevity and

Quality of Life of Companion

Animals

• Prescription diets

• Obesity

• Diabetes

• Heart disease

• Immune function

• Nutrition Consultant

• Company

• Independent

• Government / University

• Research

• Government / University

• Feed Industry

• Feed Manufacturing

• Feed Sales/Marketing

• Technical Service

• Regulatory Agencies

• Informed Producer

• Animals grow, milk, produce wool, produce

eggs, and thrive in proportion to the quality and amount of food they consume

• Nutrients are the fundamental chemical constituents of food

• Nutrients are complex molecules that form the building blocks of animal tissues

• All animal tissues are made up of water, protein (muscle), minerals (bone), and fat  

• Nutrients can also be chemicals that supply energy to animal tissues or that supply cofactors for vital chemical reactions in the body

General Nutrient Categories

• Water

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids (fats)

• Protein

• Minerals

• Vitamins

What is a Nutrient Requirement?

Nutrient requirements are numerical values which quantitatively describe an animal’s minimum nutrient needs for:

• Maintenance

• Reproduction

• A specified level of growth

• A specified level of milk production

• A specified level of work

• A specified level of wool or hair growth

• A specified level of egg production

 A nutrient requirement is met when animals eat sufficient

nutrients (water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins) to

match a specified physiological need

Intake Energy (IE) >Fecal energy(FE)

Digestible Energy (DE)<

 Urinary Energy (UE)

Gaseous Energy (GE)

Metabolizable Energy (ME)> Heat Increment (HI) 

Net Energy (NE)

Energy Terms Used in

Diet Formulation

• Poultry- Metabolizable Energy (ME)
• Horses-Digestible Energy (DE)
• Swine-Digestible Energy (DE) or Metabolizable Energy (ME)
• Beef Cattle and Growing Dairy Heifers-Net Energy for Maintenance (NE_M) or Net Energy for Gain(NE_G)
• Lactating Dairy Cattle- Net Energy for Lactation (NE_L)

Starch and Cellulose

– Formed through photosynthesis by plants

– Fundamental unit is glucose

• Starches (amylose and amylopectin) are

comprised of repeating α-glucose units linked by

α-1,4 or α-1,6 bonds

• Cellulose is comprised of β-glucose units linked by

β-1,4 bonds

High-Energy Feeds

Grains are the primary sources of energy in animal feeds

• Abundant energy (3,200 to 3,600 kcal gross energy / kg)

– 3.2 to 3.6 Mcal gross energy / kg)

• Low fiber (< 4%)

• Low crude protein ( < 13%)

•Low protein quality

– Poor amino acid profile

– Lysine content is low

• Low in Calcium

Corn Grain

• The “gold standard” of energy sources in the

U.S. 

• High in starch and low in fiber 

• Low in protein

– A relatively poor amino acid source

– Particularly low in Lysine

• Responsive to a variety of processing methods

• Prone to mycotoxin contamination when

stored too wet

• Bushel weight = 56 lbs / bu

Corn Grain Grading

• White (human food grade) or Yellow

• No. 1 – Moisture ≤ 14%

• No. 2 – Moisture ≤ 15.5%

• No. 3 – Moisture ≤ 17.5%

• No. 4 – Moisture ≤ 20.0%

• No. 5 – Moisture ≤ 23.0%

• No. 2 Yellow Corn is used most commonly

in the feed industry

Preferred Processing Methods

and Particle Sizes for Corn

• Cattle-Dry Rolling – 2,200 to 2,500 um

• Laying Hens -Coarse Rolling – 1,200 to 1,500 um

• Broiler Chickens (Mash Diets)- Coarse Grinding – 800 to 900 um

• Broiler Chickens (Pelleted Diets)-Moderate Grinding – 600 to 700 um

• Swine - Fine grinding – less than 700 um

Sorghum Grain (Milo)

• Requires less water than corn

• Small, hard kernels

• Processing improves feed value

• Fewer mycotoxin issues than corn 

• May contain moderate amounts of tannins

• Bushel weight = 56 lbs / bu

• Feeding value compared to corn depends on the species:

– Pigs and Poultry 95 to 99%, depending on particle size

– Cattle 80 to 95%

• Higher lysine and phosphorus content than corn

– Reduces use of soybean meal and dicalcium phosphate in swine diets

• Does not respond well to fine grinding– Produces flour - difficult to store and handle

• Widely grown in U.S. but mostly for human food – there is usually a price barrier

• Usually fed to ruminants at less than 50% of diet DM

• Bushel Weight = 60 lbs / bu

• Feeding value compared to corn depends on the species:

– Pigs and Poultry - 90 to 95% (depends on particle size)

– Cattle - 100% or more

• Higher fiber and lower energy than corn

• Higher protein than most grains

• Generally rolled, crimped, or ground for feeding

• Used extensively in horse feed

• Also used in creep and show feeds for beef and dairy cattle

• Bushel Weight = 32 lbs / bu 

• Oat groats – oats with the hull removed are excellent for non-ruminants but are usually cost-prohibitive

• Higher fiber and lower energy than corn

– Limited use of barley in swine diets

– Commonly fed to beef cattle in the Northern Plains

• Extremely responsive to fine grinding

• Usually steam rolled, crimped, or coarsely ground for feeding

• Bushel Weight = 48 lbs / bu

• Feeding value compared to corn depends on the species:

– Pigs and Poultry - 90 to 95%, depending on particle size

– Cattle - 90 to 95% (steam rolling needed for best response)

• Low palatability

• Potential problems with ergot contamination

• Usually limited to less than 1/3 of dietary grain

• Bushel Weight = 56 lbs / bu

• Hybrid cross of wheat x rye

• Lower bushel weight and yield than wheat or rye

• Also has ergot and palatability problems

• Better amino acid quality than other cereal grains

• Bushel Weight = 47 lbs / bu

3rd most common cereal grain on the planet

• Targeted for human consumption

• Broken rice kernels and coproducts (e.g.,polishings) are often used as animal feeds

• Bushel Weight = 60 lbs / bu

• Closely related to sorghum grain

• More drought tolerant than sorghum grain

• Grown extensively in Africa and India

• A preferred cereal for bird foods in the U.S.

•Cost per Unit of Energy

•Relative value in a complete diet

–Corn (Best)

–Milo

–Wheat

–Barley

–Oats

–Triticale

–Rye (Worst)

• Partial Replacements for Dietary Grain – Fats / Oils 

   • 2.25 x more energy than carbohydrate

   • Used in feed processing and mixing

    – Bakery Products – variable composition

• Mineral issues

   – Grain-Milling Byproducts

• Mineral issues-Some have relatively low energy density

   – Oilseed-Milling Byproducts

• Mineral issues- Not typically used as energy sources

   – Grain screenings – variable composition

   – Damaged Grains – mycotoxins and low test weights

Byproducts and Co-Products

• Result from grain milling or food processing

• Important feed sources for animals

 EX) Distillers dried grain + solubles and Wheat middlings

Corn Wet-Milling Products

• Primary Products

– High-fructose Corn Syrup

– Corn Starch

– Corn Oil

• Byproducts

– Gluten Meal

– Gluten Feed – wet or dry forms available

– Corn Germ Meal

– Condensed Fermented Extracts (Corn Steep Liquor)

• Primary Products

– Fuel ethanol

– Food alcohol

• Byproducts

– Distiller’s Grains – wet or dry forms available

– Condensed Distiller’s Solubles

– Dried Distiller’s Grains with Solubles

Modified Corn Dry-Milling

Products

• High-Protein Distiller’s Grains

– Lower fiber, higher protein than traditional distillers grains

– Developed for swine and poultry diets  

• Corn Germ

– High in fat and phosphorus

• Corn Bran

– Outer seed coat, high in fiber 

Wheat Milling Products

Wheat Milling Byproducts

Products:wheat germ,white flour, bran

Byproducts:

• Wheat Bran - outer coating of seed

• Wheat Middlings - fine particles of bran, germ, and flour

• Wheat Shorts - same as wheat middlings but with 7% or less crude fat

• Wheat Germ Meal – wheat germ + some bran and flour

Issues with Byproduct Feeds

• Relative concentrations of starch and fiber

• Protein content and availability – Lysine content and availability

• Storage – Do you have the bin space?– Do you need flat storage?

• Mixing – will they blend well with other feedstuffs?

• Will they affect rate of feed manufacturing?

• Processing – particle size

• Contaminants – molds and toxins

• Cost is generally less if purchased directly from the

manufacturer rather than through a broker

• Properties

– Insoluble in water

– Saturated or unsaturated

– Long or short chain 

• Functions

– Energy storage - 2.25 x carbohydrates

– Insulation

– Protection

Common Sources of Lipid

• Animal Fats

– Tallow – low in unsaturated fat; generally used in cattle diets

– Choice White Grease – moderate in unsaturated fat; generally used in swine diets

– Poultry Grease – high in unsaturated fat; generally used in poultry diets

• Vegetable Fats (soy, corn, sunflower, canola) – high in unsaturated fat; generally used in poultry diets

• Blended animal and vegetable fats

• Other Fat Sources

– Used Cooking Oil

– Whole Oil Seeds

– Ruminally-Protected Fats

– Byproducts – corn steep liquor and soapstock

• Fat Source (saturated vs. unsaturated)

– Important ramifications for feed costs, carcass quality, and feed manufacturing

  Fat Source     $ / lb

– Vegetable oils    0.37

– Animal fats     0.26

– Animal-Vegetable fat blends  0.23

Fat Quality Measurements

• Free Fatty Acids - indicate rancidity  

• Moisture - indicates rancidity  

• Impurities (e.g., hair, hide, & bone) - reduces energy density  

• Unsaponifiable Material - hydrocarbons, sterols, and alcohols are contaminants  

• Peroxide Value - indicates degree of spoilage  

• Antioxidants (e.g., ethoxyquin) - prevent rancidity