Term
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Definition
Premature Atrial Contraction- ectopic beats; common findings in healthy premature and term babies.
most common in 3rd trimester, present as xtr beat or missed beat.
ass. w/ structural heart disease, intracardiac tumors and redunancy of the membrane of foramen ovale |
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Term
which is worse: bradycardia or tachycardia? why? |
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Definition
tachycardia- can lead to CHF, dilated cardiomyopathy, neurologic lesions, and death |
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Term
what is considered tachycardia? |
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Definition
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Term
what is considered bradycardia? |
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Definition
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Term
what is range for normal heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
with cardiac rythem the AV ratio should be? |
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Definition
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Term
what is tetrology of fallot? and what are clue to look for it? |
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Definition
pulmonary stenosis, thickened Rt. Ventricle wall, ventricular septal defect, aorta overrides septal defect.
clues: abnormal 3 vessel view( misalignment of vessels, disproportion w/ larger aorta), large septal defect, aorta overrides septal defect, 4 chamber view shows left deviation of cardiac axis |
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Term
what is transpostion of the great vessels and what are some clues in looking for this? |
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Definition
connection b/w the ventricles and great arterial trunks is reversed- Rt. ventricle connected to aorta and Lt. ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
clues: arteries dont criss cross
aorta arises anterior to pulmonary artery
can have VSD
aorta is attached to Rt. ventricle |
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Term
what is an interrupted aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
what is coarctation of the aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
what is AV canal? whats another name for it and what are clues to look for? |
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Definition
Atrioventricular Canal, AKA endocardial cushion defect.
seen in 4 chamber view
common AV annulus
no medial leaflets
common w/ visceral heterotaxy
single inflow by color doppler
50% have chromo abns.- look for other malfs. |
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Term
what is hypoplastic left heart and what are clues? |
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Definition
Left ventricle doesnt develop, usually due to mitral atresia.
clues: only 1 ventricle seen
only 1 great artery
abn 3 vessel view
only 1 AV valve seen clearly
severe disproportion |
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Term
what are the 6 main types of CHD? |
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Definition
1. Hypoplasia
2.stenosis
3. Vessels placed incorrectly
4. Atresia
5. Septal defect-hole
6. situs abnormalities |
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Term
what does the aortic arch asses? |
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Definition
normal LV connection
size of the valve
no coarctation(narrowing)
head and neck vessels |
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Term
what does the short axis RVOT asses? |
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Definition
pulmonary cusps
main pulmonary artery
Rt. and Lt. pulmonary arteries
aorta and cusps
Lt. atrial cavity |
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Term
what does the RVOT asses? |
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Definition
pulmonic valve, aorta superior to ductus |
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Term
what does the LVOT asses?
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Definition
confirms ventriculoarterial connections ( PA> rt ventricle and aorta> Lt. ventricle)
VSD's
abnormal dimensions-Stenosis
Abnormal position- Overriding Aorta
crossing nature of LVOt andRVOT |
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Term
what does the 3 vessel view asses? |
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Definition
vessel number, alignment, and size
branch pulmonary arteries
trachea and bronchi |
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Term
what 7 malformations does a good 4 chamber heart view r/o? |
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Definition
1. ventricular hypoplasia
2. epsteins'abnormality
3. congenital diaphragmatic hernia
4. proportions of ventricles
5. septal defects
6.cardiomegaly
7.mass |
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Term
what is the best for evaluation of possible septal defects? |
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Definition
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Term
what 7 images should be obtained in a basic fetal heart exam? |
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Definition
1. TRV view of upper abdomen
2. 3 vessel view
3. RVOT view
4. Aortic arch
5. 4 chamber
6.LVOT view
7. Basal short-axis view |
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Term
4 types of fetal heart malformations? |
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Definition
structural, cardiac tumors, rhythm disturbances, functional abnormalities |
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Term
what is normal heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
where is the ductus arteriosis and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta.
allows oxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and go to the systemic circulation |
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Term
where is the foramen ovale and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
in the interatrial septum b/w the right and left atrium.
it delivers oxygenated blood from the rt atrium to the Lt atrium and then thru the Lt ventricle to the head adn upper extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
the majority of IVC blood flow crosses the foramen ovale and into the Lt. atrium bypassing the lungs, some blood flow enters the rt atrium. it is an anatomical opening b/w the rt. atrium and left atrium which cloes shortly after birth |
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Term
where are the AV valves and describe the difference b/w them. |
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Definition
tricuspid valve- ( right AV valve) 3 fan shaped leaflets connected to 3 sets of chordae tendineae that are connected to 3 papillary muscles. has more inferior or apical insertion point.
mitral valve- (left AV valve) 2 fan shaped or triangular leaflets inserted more superiorly on septum toward the base of the heart. 2 sets of chordae and 2 papillary muscles |
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Term
what is the normal size of the heart in comparison to the chest? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the normal axis of the heart? |
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Definition
45 degree angle
AP line in center of fetus usually goes through RA and RV |
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Term
ductal arch has what kind of appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
aortic arch has what kind of appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
how should the RVOT and LVOT course ? |
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Definition
90 degree angle to eachother |
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Term
how should the aorta and pulmonary artery compare in size? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the purpose of assessing the outflow tracts and short axis views? |
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Definition
documents relationships b/w the great vessels
asses IVC<SVC inflow into the rt. atrium |
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Term
where are the pulmonary veins seen? |
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Definition
4 chamber view
left atrium |
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Term
where is the Eustachian valve? |
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Definition
rt. atrium (marks the entrance of the IVC)
valve of the IVC |
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