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FETAL HEART
N/A
37
Health Care
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2011

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Cards

Term
what is a APC/PAC?
Definition

 

Premature Atrial Contraction- ectopic beats; common findings in healthy premature and term babies.

most common in 3rd trimester, present as xtr beat or missed beat.

ass. w/ structural heart disease, intracardiac tumors and redunancy of the membrane of foramen ovale

Term
which is worse: bradycardia or tachycardia? why?
Definition
tachycardia- can lead to CHF, dilated cardiomyopathy, neurologic lesions, and death
Term
what is considered tachycardia?
Definition
>180 bpm
Term
what is considered bradycardia?
Definition
<100 bpm
Term
what is range for normal heart rate?
Definition
100-180 bpm
Term
with cardiac rythem the AV ratio should be?
Definition
1:1
Term
what is tetrology of fallot? and what are clue to look for it?
Definition

pulmonary stenosis, thickened Rt. Ventricle wall, ventricular septal defect, aorta overrides septal defect.

 

clues: abnormal 3 vessel view( misalignment of vessels, disproportion w/ larger aorta), large septal defect, aorta overrides septal defect, 4 chamber view shows left deviation of cardiac axis

Term
what is transpostion of the great vessels and what are some clues in looking for this?
Definition

connection b/w the ventricles and great arterial trunks is reversed- Rt. ventricle connected to aorta and Lt. ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

 

clues: arteries dont criss cross

aorta arises anterior to pulmonary artery

can have VSD

aorta is attached to Rt. ventricle

Term
what is an interrupted aorta?
Definition
no candy cane arch
Term
what is coarctation of the aorta?
Definition
narrowing of the aorta
Term
what is AV canal? whats another name for it and what are clues to look for?
Definition

Atrioventricular Canal, AKA endocardial cushion defect.

seen in 4 chamber view

common AV annulus

no medial leaflets

common w/ visceral heterotaxy

single inflow by color doppler

50% have chromo abns.- look for other malfs.

Term
what is hypoplastic left heart and what are clues?
Definition

Left ventricle doesnt develop, usually due to mitral atresia.

 

clues: only 1 ventricle seen

only 1 great artery

abn 3 vessel view

only 1 AV valve seen clearly

severe disproportion

Term
what are the 6 main types of CHD?
Definition

1. Hypoplasia

2.stenosis

3. Vessels placed incorrectly

4. Atresia

5. Septal defect-hole

6. situs abnormalities

Term
what does the aortic arch asses?
Definition

normal LV connection

size of the valve

no coarctation(narrowing)

head and neck vessels

Term
what does the short axis RVOT asses?
Definition

pulmonary cusps

main pulmonary artery

Rt. and Lt. pulmonary arteries

aorta and cusps

Lt. atrial cavity

Term
what does the RVOT asses?
Definition
pulmonic valve, aorta superior to ductus
Term

what does the LVOT asses?

 

Definition

confirms ventriculoarterial connections ( PA> rt ventricle and aorta> Lt. ventricle)

VSD's

abnormal dimensions-Stenosis

Abnormal position- Overriding Aorta

crossing nature of LVOt andRVOT

Term
what does the 3 vessel view asses?
Definition

vessel number, alignment, and size

branch pulmonary arteries

trachea and bronchi

Term
what 7 malformations does a good 4 chamber heart view r/o?
Definition

1. ventricular hypoplasia

2. epsteins'abnormality

3. congenital diaphragmatic hernia

4. proportions of ventricles

5. septal defects

6.cardiomegaly

7.mass

Term
what is the best for evaluation of possible septal defects?
Definition
4 chamber heart view
Term
what 7 images should be obtained in a basic fetal heart exam?
Definition

1. TRV view of upper abdomen

2. 3 vessel view

3. RVOT view

4. Aortic arch

5. 4 chamber

6.LVOT view

7. Basal short-axis view

Term
4 types of fetal heart malformations?
Definition
structural, cardiac tumors, rhythm disturbances, functional abnormalities
Term
what is normal heart rate?
Definition
120-160 bpm
Term
where is the ductus arteriosis and what is its purpose?
Definition

connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta.

allows oxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and go to the systemic circulation

Term
where is the foramen ovale and what is its purpose?
Definition

in the interatrial septum b/w the right and left atrium.

it delivers oxygenated blood from the rt atrium to the Lt atrium and then thru the Lt ventricle to the head adn upper extremities.

Term
foramen ovale:
Definition
the majority of IVC blood flow crosses the foramen ovale and into the Lt. atrium bypassing the lungs, some blood flow enters the rt atrium. it is an anatomical opening b/w the rt. atrium and left atrium which cloes shortly after birth
Term
where are the AV valves and describe the difference b/w them.
Definition

tricuspid valve- ( right AV valve) 3 fan shaped leaflets connected to 3 sets of chordae tendineae that are connected to 3 papillary muscles. has more inferior or apical insertion point.

 

mitral valve- (left AV valve) 2 fan shaped or triangular leaflets inserted more superiorly on septum toward the base of the heart. 2 sets of chordae and 2 papillary muscles

Term
what is the normal size of the heart in comparison to the chest?
Definition
1/3 of chest, 30-40%
Term
what is the normal axis of the heart?
Definition

45 degree angle

AP line in center of fetus usually goes through RA and RV

Term
ductal arch has what kind of appearance?
Definition
hockey stick
Term
aortic arch has what kind of appearance?
Definition
candy cane
Term
how should the RVOT and LVOT course ?
Definition
90 degree angle to eachother
Term
how should the aorta and pulmonary artery compare in size?
Definition
about the same size
Term
what is the purpose of assessing the outflow tracts and short axis views?
Definition

documents relationships b/w the great vessels

asses IVC<SVC inflow into the rt. atrium

Term
where are the pulmonary veins seen?
Definition

4 chamber view

left atrium

Term
where is the Eustachian valve?
Definition

rt. atrium (marks the entrance of the IVC)

valve of the IVC

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