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Final - Animal Housing
housing
134
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
04/16/2016

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Cards

Term
How do poultry thermoregulate
Definition
endothermic regulator

use metabolism & behaviour to maintain constant body temperature
Term
Important aspects of avian thermoregulation (5)
Definition
-high metabolic rate (high O2 consumption per BW)
-double circulation (heart lungs heart tissues)
-shiver to prod heat
-pant/evaporate water to dissipate heat
-plumage changes insulation thickness
Term
That is thermolysis?
Definition
loss of heat
Term
What components are incorporated into enriched housing?
Definition
dustbathing substrate
scratching pad
larger
nest boxes
perches
Term
What is the drawback to multi-tier poultry barns?
Definition
need safety harnesses to work in them
Term
[image]
Definition
Tunnel Ventilation: air goes through the side wall and down the building. Evaporative cooling: air goes through water and is cooled before entry into the facility
Term
[image]
Definition
Solar walls or chimneys, chimney heats up and draws out more air, walls warm up the air before it enters the building
Term
[image]
Definition
Draw air through the barn to help get the air moving through the barn (tunnel ventilation). This takes a lot of electricity and is costly when dealing with swine/poultry because of their narrow TNZ
Term
Why would swine move to a warmer location before giving birth
Definition
-oxytocin release causes internal body temp to drop prior to birth
-pain, want to feel warm
Term
What are the cons to farrowing crates?
Definition
-can't build nest
-can't interact with piglets
-feet/leg lesions
Term
What are the concerns with stalling dry sows?
Definition
restricted movement
cant socialize
Term
How are growing pigs typically housed?
Definition
group housing, slatted floors, large feeders
Term
[image]
Definition
manure will get mixed in to feed
dry pellets will alter rate of gastric emptying of piglets
Term
[image]
Definition
elliptical design allows sows to express 5 freedoms

wasnt popular because people didnt care

cheap, easily folded up. con: slight increase in piglet mortality
Term
Why do pigs like walls?
Definition
can keep their back to them, comfort for ones lower on the pecking order who want to know whats going on around them
Term
Important consideration when loading/unloading pigs?
Definition
ramp steepness
Term
is straw a good bedding?
Definition
can be if managed properly
good for drawing heat away from animal
not super absorbent, needs to be well maintained
Term
[image]
Definition
0 emissions facility
-CO2 & emissions from facility exit back into the ground
-earth tubes bring air in, through ground (stays cool)
-barn built in-ground helps to keep it cool
-can collect rainwater
-grasses help to detox organic matter
Term
[image]
Definition
good, clean facility with lots of light and air flow, no walls or shadows

-no need to have walls so high, pigs can't jump
-lower walls = less steel - lower cost & less surface area to clean1
Term
What do sheep prefer, flat or upwards incline?
Definition
flat
Term
Why is it important to make sure sheep can't see other sheep stopping on their way through a facility?
Definition
they have long-term memory and will remember the other sheep stopped there too
Term
Important considerations when moving sheep around
Definition
-prefer walking down corridors than wide open space
-don't like walking towards perceived dead-end
-have long term memory
Term
5 Important factors to control with ventilation
Definition
temperature
humidity
drafts
fresh air
contaminants (dust, bacteria, gas)
Term
Why is the environment important in regards to animal housing?
Definition
needs to support their mental & physiological wellbeing
Term
How does poor environment increase disease?
Definition
disrupts homeostasis, body must expend energy to maintain homeostasis. stresses endocrine, nervous & immune systems = more susceptible
Term
What levels of regulation are there for research animals? What is each responsible for
Definition
Local
-fire alarms, physical plant services, managers

Provincial
-Animals for Research Act

Federal
-Guide for Care and Use of Animals, national codes of practice
Term
What is the macroenvironment? miroenvironment?
Definition
macro - room in which animals are housed
microenvironment - area in which animals have prolonged direct contact
Term
Why is temperature when rabbits are giving birth important?
Definition
if born in high temps, pups will be more sensitive to cold

rabbit optimum temp is lower than most other livestock
Term
What effects does high temperature have on animals?
Definition
death, sterility (testicular atrophy), loss of milk production, heat stroke
Term
What effects does high temperature have on animals?
Definition
reduced growth rate, smaller litter size, neonatal death
Term
What effect does citrus fragrance have on test rabbits?
Definition
reduces immune activity
Term
Important things to consider when building a horse barn (12)
Definition
-budget
-site planning
-arena/training facilities
-breeding/foaling facilties
-pastures/paddocks/shelters
-environmental control
-fencing
-bulk feed/bedding storage
-utilities
-fire protection
-emergency response planning
-manure management
Term
What is the goal of housing for horses? (5)
Definition
-minimize/eliminate injuries
-develop social skills in juveniles
-opportunity to exercise & forage
-minimize stereotypic behaviour
-opportunities for solitude
Term
Best part about having a goat for a horse toy
Definition
it's dynamic - changes! a lickit for example does not
Term
Stages of beef production
Definition
cow-calf
backgrounding/stocker
feedlot
Term
4 important considerations when building a facility
Definition
movement of people, manure, feed, animals
Term
Should shade be permanent or temporary?
Definition
if temporary (moveable) then you can let old areas rest & dry out
Term
Important focus in beef production?
Definition
handling equipment - can be a big expense, important focus too for treating disease, routine care etc
Term
How can you enrich the life of a dairy cow?
Definition
social stimulation
human contact
scratching posts/groomers
sensory/auditory stimulation (mirrors etc)
food puzzles
Term
How to get quality milk from a dairy ocow?
Definition
quality milk = DMI + rest + water intake
Term
how much rest does a dairy cow need per day?
Definition
14 hours

rest is super important for good milk production!!
Term
Important space considerations for designing lying areas for cows
Definition
head space
body space
lunge space
Term
What type of activities do cows perform in stalls?
Definition
perching
standing
resting
Term
Why are calf brushes important?
Definition
because tactile stimulation from mother has been removed
Term
What is the 'Day 10 wall'
Definition
once acquired immunity is finished, body temperature increases, feed intake decreases, need to change feeding management
Term
Effect of Birth Month on First Lactation Performance
Definition
cows born Sept-Dec produce more milk
Term
What is the 2020 Sustainable Dairy Chain?
Definition
aim to improve energy efficiency and production incl. climate-neutral growth, improving lifespan, reduce antibiotic use and keep 75% grazing
Term
Fastest growing food sector on the planet
Definition
aquaculture
Term
is the majority of fish farming sea or freshwater?
Definition
freshwater
Term
What kind of fish do we primarily cultivate in Canadian aquaculture?
Definition
marine finfish
Term
Which 3 Canadian provinces/regions are known for their aquaculture and what species do they each cultivate?
Definition
BC - salmon, oysters
Ontario - rainbow trout
East coast - mussels, oysters, atlantic salmon
Term
What two kinds of trout production are used in Ontario? Which one makes up the majority of trout production? Where are each generally located?
Definition
Cage farming - northern ON
Fish out ponds/hatcheries - southern ON
Term
Why is trout produced in northern ontario
Definition
water is colder up there, holds more oxygen which salmonids prefer
Term
General ON trout production cycle
Definition
1. Eggs fertilized Sept-Dec
2. 10-50g fingerlings in cages early may or end of summer
3. Harvested at 1000-1300g, marketed year-round (10-15 mo post-stocking)
Term
Is a harsh winter good or bad for trout production?
Definition
bad

delays harvest, increases mortalities
Term
Are there codes of practice for rabbit housing?
Definition
none
Term
How is rabbit farm size measured?
Definition
based on # of breeding does
Term
name 2 breeds of meat rabbits
Definition
New Zealand White
Californian
Term
How do rabbits thermoregulate?
Definition
ears are important
highly vascular, can vasodilate/contract, and will move ears farther away or closer to body to regulate heat loss
Term
#1 & #2 things to consider in rabbit housing
Definition
Ventilation - rabbits produce a lot of ammonia

Waste management
Term
How do traditional vs european cages compare?
Definition
traditional nest box is inside pen, europeean it is outside pen
Term
What is baby saver wire?
Definition
rabbit housing, wire mesh is smaller at the bottom. small rabbits sometimes get their head stuck if gap is too big
Term
True or False

Mother rabbits only visit their babies 2x a day
Definition
true
Term
How does fryer pen stocking density change over the year?
Definition
more dense in colder months to keep area warmer
Term
How are rabbit cages often enriched?
Definition
tie branches which hang down in to cage for nibbling/chewing
Term
What is the main focus in rabbit housing?
Definition
breeding stock pens

they house these really well bc they want high reproductive success

replacement barns are often really gross
Term
How are rabbits shipped?
Definition
chicken crates, cardboard boxes
Term
What are the demographics of poultry production?
Definition
egg production
-layer breederss
-pullets
-layers
-enhanced/alternative cages

Broiler Production
-broiler breeders
-floor/cage broilers

Turkeys

Ducks
Term
How does metabolism of poultry compare to other animals?
Definition
high resp rate, high heart rate, high body temp

cant sweat
Term
How do poultry dissipate heat?
Definition
evaporate water (respiration) panting
un-fluff plumage
Term
The key to thermoregulation is...
Definition
balancing thermogenesis and thermolysis
Term
Recent changes in poultry housing
Definition
mcdonalds wants cage-free birds

california thinks birds should not be confined
Term
Why is ventilation such a big deal with poultry?
Definition
very narrow TNZ
close to ground, will breath in gases even more
Term
Why is allowing birds outside not good
Definition
lunch for hawks
Term
all photos of outdoor birds should show...
Definition
netting over birds to protect from predators
Term
[image]
Definition
can direct air lines to manure to dry it faster so ammonia release is reduced, and at birds to cool them down if needed
Term
What is a clickframe poultry house?
Definition
sloped downwards towards center (shallow v) eggs roll to there for collection on a belt
Term
Why might broiler hen size vary even if diet, time on feed etc. are the same?
Definition
ventilation changes impact big time
Term
[image]
Definition
lights are in the actual cage, more uniform lighting for everybody
Term
[image]
Definition
reduced litter design

each tube delivers air, drying manure so less NH3 emissions. but not necessarily good footing for the birds
Term
What is a multi purpose perch?
Definition
water/enriched air/fiber optic lighting/heat supply inside
Term
What do sows do post-farrowing?
Definition
seek out cooler area bc metabolic activity is very high, they feel hot
Term
How does piglet temperature preference change throughout the day?
Definition
prefer cooler in morning, warmer in afternoon, sinusoidal pattern
Term
What is the primary strategy for evaporative heat loss in swine?
Definition
wallowing
Term
Best way to cool a pig?
Definition
mist from below

drip cooling not as effective bc thick back fat
Term
What is the advantage of using farrowing crates?
Definition
minimize pre-weaning mortality
minimize exposure to disease
Term
alternative to farrowing crates
Definition
pen, with a place where piglets can escape sow
Term
[image]
Definition
gap too small for piglets to nurse comfortably
Term
Where do piglets prefer to be?
Definition
near the sow, not in the creep area even if it's designed to be 'attractive' to them
Term
What areas must be considered when designing pig facility for functional use of space?
Definition
sleeping
eating
drinking
dunging
traffic areas
Term
How can the dunging area be manipulated?
Definition
step/partitioning to delineate area
install sprinklers overtop
direct ventilation in (but less comfortable)
Term
What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for sheep and goats?
Definition
panting
Term
What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for cattle?
Definition
sweating
also panting
Term
What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for horses?
Definition
sweating
Term
4 ways of transfering heat
Definition
conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation
Term
The five main environmental factors that are controlled by ventilation
Definition
fresh air
freedom from drafts
comfortable temperature
humidity level
contaminants
Term
[image]
Definition
have feed/water/mineral lick

crappy fencing but sheep aren't going anywhere bc they're comfortable

should have shade
Term
[image]
Definition
poor ventilation can tell bc mould on ceiling due to moisture
Term
[image]
Definition
lots of cross ventilation, bright, doors to open for moving sheep and equipment
Term
is open food a problem?
Definition
yes, flies!
Term
is wood problem?
Definition
yes, animals chew it & harbors bacteria
Term
Daily time budget of a horse
Definition
Feeding
Standing
Walking around
Lying down
Term
[image]
Definition
light right in middle - bright spots and shadows

grain in back = more private for eating area
Term
[image]
Definition
no insulation
board blocks light from getting to stalls
rafters allow for perching
Term
[image]
Definition
hallway is well lit but stalls are not
wood - dust bacteria
rafters - birds perch and poop
Term
[image]
Definition
double layer of natural light, good
open stall tops = good air flow
con - can make barn quite warm
Term
[image]
Definition
insulation exposed
no need to have such a high wall
wood - fire hazard, cant be sterilized
poor lighting, tiny window
Term
first thought when you see a steel roof with no insulation?
Definition
rain in winter, super hot in winter!
Term
Things to consider with beef facilities
Definition
-reno existing barns instead of building new
-animal waste/handling/distribution
-feeding system, equipment
-temp vs perm shade
-flooring
-lighting
-freedom of movement
Term
important beef handling equipment
Definition
headgate
holding chute
squeeze chute
working chute
gates & panels
loading chute
SCALE!!!!
Term
[image]
Definition
high walls are good bc can't see staff working so won't panic as much
Term
[image]
Definition
tarp for shade isn't shading the calf
Term
creep feeders - best on sides or in center?
Definition
sides
reduces wind shadowing in middle of facility and you can monitor intake
Term
when looking at photos of barns with overhangs over feed areas...
Definition
make sure it extends far enough to protect feed from rain
Term
all dirt turnout for beef cattle?
Definition
bad bad bad
just a mess of poop and bacteria
Term
should you rely on natural shade?
Definition
no, animals will make a mess of the area beneath it. moveable shade is better
Term
if on large pasture, bushes, trees and streams for beef herds should be...
Definition
fenced off
Term
[image]
Definition
stages of pasture rotation - good
Term
pros of a round barn
Definition
more efficient to build
no windshadowing inside bc no corners
more aerodynamic, winds less likely to rip roof off
Term
KISS formula for making milk
Definition
quality milk = DMI + water intake + rest

-make your feed don't buy it!
Term
checkerboarding indicates...
Definition
cows don't have enough room to lie down in 2 rows
Term
[image]
Definition
rubber only helpful for hindlegs
fronts can still get damaged on concrete

solution: add a toe kick
Term
[image]
Definition
rubber only goes down center, cheap and lazy
Term
sand texture considerations
Definition
needs to be fine, if too coarse it will create foot problems, hock sores, damage to equipment (abrasive)
Term
[image]
Definition
stalls are right against wall, not enough lunge space for getting up/lying down
Term
[image]
Definition
really restrictive, not set up with the cows in mind at all. lunge space, have to stay crouched down, can't lie down comfortably
Term
[image]
Definition
neck bar forces cows to back up before getting up/down, makes sure she'll poop in the aisle where it's easier to clean
Term
why do cows perch?
Definition
takes pressure off of the rumen
Term
[image]
Definition
cow has to back up to get up properly
trough not easily cleaned, collecting dust and bird poop
Term
[image]
Definition
strap directs cows where to lie down, will break if needs to. safe, unobstructive
Term
things to look for in cow pictures
Definition
lunge space
minimal steel
Term
con of composted bedding back
Definition
needs to be managed twice daily
Term
cons of wide body dairy barns?
Definition
huge amount of energy req to draw air across for ventilation, and center aisles are likely poorly ventilated
Term
Ambition of Sustainable Dairy Chain 2020 (5)
Definition
1. improve energy efficiency & production (climate-neutral growth)
2. reduce greenhouse gases
3. improve longevity of animals, reduce antibiotics
4. maintain 75% grazing farms
5. biodiversity - sustainable soya, palm kernels etc
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