Term
How do poultry thermoregulate |
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Definition
endothermic regulator
use metabolism & behaviour to maintain constant body temperature |
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Term
Important aspects of avian thermoregulation (5) |
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Definition
-high metabolic rate (high O2 consumption per BW) -double circulation (heart lungs heart tissues) -shiver to prod heat -pant/evaporate water to dissipate heat -plumage changes insulation thickness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What components are incorporated into enriched housing? |
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Definition
dustbathing substrate scratching pad larger nest boxes perches |
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Term
What is the drawback to multi-tier poultry barns? |
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Definition
need safety harnesses to work in them |
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Term
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Definition
Tunnel Ventilation: air goes through the side wall and down the building. Evaporative cooling: air goes through water and is cooled before entry into the facility |
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Term
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Definition
Solar walls or chimneys, chimney heats up and draws out more air, walls warm up the air before it enters the building |
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Term
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Definition
Draw air through the barn to help get the air moving through the barn (tunnel ventilation). This takes a lot of electricity and is costly when dealing with swine/poultry because of their narrow TNZ |
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Term
Why would swine move to a warmer location before giving birth |
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Definition
-oxytocin release causes internal body temp to drop prior to birth -pain, want to feel warm |
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Term
What are the cons to farrowing crates? |
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Definition
-can't build nest -can't interact with piglets -feet/leg lesions |
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Term
What are the concerns with stalling dry sows? |
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Definition
restricted movement cant socialize |
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Term
How are growing pigs typically housed? |
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Definition
group housing, slatted floors, large feeders |
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Term
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Definition
manure will get mixed in to feed dry pellets will alter rate of gastric emptying of piglets |
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Term
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Definition
elliptical design allows sows to express 5 freedoms
wasnt popular because people didnt care
cheap, easily folded up. con: slight increase in piglet mortality |
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Term
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Definition
can keep their back to them, comfort for ones lower on the pecking order who want to know whats going on around them |
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Term
Important consideration when loading/unloading pigs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can be if managed properly good for drawing heat away from animal not super absorbent, needs to be well maintained |
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Term
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Definition
0 emissions facility -CO2 & emissions from facility exit back into the ground -earth tubes bring air in, through ground (stays cool) -barn built in-ground helps to keep it cool -can collect rainwater -grasses help to detox organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
good, clean facility with lots of light and air flow, no walls or shadows
-no need to have walls so high, pigs can't jump -lower walls = less steel - lower cost & less surface area to clean1 |
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Term
What do sheep prefer, flat or upwards incline? |
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Definition
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Term
Why is it important to make sure sheep can't see other sheep stopping on their way through a facility? |
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Definition
they have long-term memory and will remember the other sheep stopped there too |
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Term
Important considerations when moving sheep around |
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Definition
-prefer walking down corridors than wide open space -don't like walking towards perceived dead-end -have long term memory |
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Term
5 Important factors to control with ventilation |
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Definition
temperature humidity drafts fresh air contaminants (dust, bacteria, gas) |
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Term
Why is the environment important in regards to animal housing? |
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Definition
needs to support their mental & physiological wellbeing |
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Term
How does poor environment increase disease? |
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Definition
disrupts homeostasis, body must expend energy to maintain homeostasis. stresses endocrine, nervous & immune systems = more susceptible |
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Term
What levels of regulation are there for research animals? What is each responsible for |
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Definition
Local -fire alarms, physical plant services, managers
Provincial -Animals for Research Act
Federal -Guide for Care and Use of Animals, national codes of practice |
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Term
What is the macroenvironment? miroenvironment? |
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Definition
macro - room in which animals are housed microenvironment - area in which animals have prolonged direct contact |
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Term
Why is temperature when rabbits are giving birth important? |
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Definition
if born in high temps, pups will be more sensitive to cold
rabbit optimum temp is lower than most other livestock |
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Term
What effects does high temperature have on animals? |
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Definition
death, sterility (testicular atrophy), loss of milk production, heat stroke |
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Term
What effects does high temperature have on animals? |
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Definition
reduced growth rate, smaller litter size, neonatal death |
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Term
What effect does citrus fragrance have on test rabbits? |
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Definition
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Term
Important things to consider when building a horse barn (12) |
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Definition
-budget -site planning -arena/training facilities -breeding/foaling facilties -pastures/paddocks/shelters -environmental control -fencing -bulk feed/bedding storage -utilities -fire protection -emergency response planning -manure management |
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Term
What is the goal of housing for horses? (5) |
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Definition
-minimize/eliminate injuries -develop social skills in juveniles -opportunity to exercise & forage -minimize stereotypic behaviour -opportunities for solitude |
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Term
Best part about having a goat for a horse toy |
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Definition
it's dynamic - changes! a lickit for example does not |
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Term
Stages of beef production |
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Definition
cow-calf backgrounding/stocker feedlot |
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Term
4 important considerations when building a facility |
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Definition
movement of people, manure, feed, animals |
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Term
Should shade be permanent or temporary? |
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Definition
if temporary (moveable) then you can let old areas rest & dry out |
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Term
Important focus in beef production? |
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Definition
handling equipment - can be a big expense, important focus too for treating disease, routine care etc |
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Term
How can you enrich the life of a dairy cow? |
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Definition
social stimulation human contact scratching posts/groomers sensory/auditory stimulation (mirrors etc) food puzzles |
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Term
How to get quality milk from a dairy ocow? |
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Definition
quality milk = DMI + rest + water intake |
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Term
how much rest does a dairy cow need per day? |
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Definition
14 hours
rest is super important for good milk production!! |
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Term
Important space considerations for designing lying areas for cows |
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Definition
head space body space lunge space |
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Term
What type of activities do cows perform in stalls? |
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Definition
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Term
Why are calf brushes important? |
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Definition
because tactile stimulation from mother has been removed |
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Term
What is the 'Day 10 wall' |
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Definition
once acquired immunity is finished, body temperature increases, feed intake decreases, need to change feeding management |
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Term
Effect of Birth Month on First Lactation Performance |
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Definition
cows born Sept-Dec produce more milk |
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Term
What is the 2020 Sustainable Dairy Chain? |
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Definition
aim to improve energy efficiency and production incl. climate-neutral growth, improving lifespan, reduce antibiotic use and keep 75% grazing |
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Term
Fastest growing food sector on the planet |
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Definition
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Term
is the majority of fish farming sea or freshwater? |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of fish do we primarily cultivate in Canadian aquaculture? |
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Definition
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Term
Which 3 Canadian provinces/regions are known for their aquaculture and what species do they each cultivate? |
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Definition
BC - salmon, oysters Ontario - rainbow trout East coast - mussels, oysters, atlantic salmon |
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Term
What two kinds of trout production are used in Ontario? Which one makes up the majority of trout production? Where are each generally located? |
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Definition
Cage farming - northern ON Fish out ponds/hatcheries - southern ON |
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Term
Why is trout produced in northern ontario |
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Definition
water is colder up there, holds more oxygen which salmonids prefer |
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Term
General ON trout production cycle |
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Definition
1. Eggs fertilized Sept-Dec 2. 10-50g fingerlings in cages early may or end of summer 3. Harvested at 1000-1300g, marketed year-round (10-15 mo post-stocking) |
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Term
Is a harsh winter good or bad for trout production? |
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Definition
bad
delays harvest, increases mortalities |
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Term
Are there codes of practice for rabbit housing? |
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Definition
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Term
How is rabbit farm size measured? |
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Definition
based on # of breeding does |
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Term
name 2 breeds of meat rabbits |
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Definition
New Zealand White Californian |
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Term
How do rabbits thermoregulate? |
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Definition
ears are important highly vascular, can vasodilate/contract, and will move ears farther away or closer to body to regulate heat loss |
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Term
#1 & #2 things to consider in rabbit housing |
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Definition
Ventilation - rabbits produce a lot of ammonia
Waste management |
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Term
How do traditional vs european cages compare? |
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Definition
traditional nest box is inside pen, europeean it is outside pen |
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Term
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Definition
rabbit housing, wire mesh is smaller at the bottom. small rabbits sometimes get their head stuck if gap is too big |
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Term
True or False
Mother rabbits only visit their babies 2x a day |
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Definition
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Term
How does fryer pen stocking density change over the year? |
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Definition
more dense in colder months to keep area warmer |
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Term
How are rabbit cages often enriched? |
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Definition
tie branches which hang down in to cage for nibbling/chewing |
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Term
What is the main focus in rabbit housing? |
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Definition
breeding stock pens
they house these really well bc they want high reproductive success
replacement barns are often really gross |
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Term
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Definition
chicken crates, cardboard boxes |
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Term
What are the demographics of poultry production? |
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Definition
egg production -layer breederss -pullets -layers -enhanced/alternative cages
Broiler Production -broiler breeders -floor/cage broilers
Turkeys
Ducks |
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Term
How does metabolism of poultry compare to other animals? |
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Definition
high resp rate, high heart rate, high body temp
cant sweat |
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Term
How do poultry dissipate heat? |
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Definition
evaporate water (respiration) panting un-fluff plumage |
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Term
The key to thermoregulation is... |
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Definition
balancing thermogenesis and thermolysis |
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Term
Recent changes in poultry housing |
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Definition
mcdonalds wants cage-free birds
california thinks birds should not be confined |
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Term
Why is ventilation such a big deal with poultry? |
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Definition
very narrow TNZ close to ground, will breath in gases even more |
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Term
Why is allowing birds outside not good |
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Definition
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Term
all photos of outdoor birds should show... |
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Definition
netting over birds to protect from predators |
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Term
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Definition
can direct air lines to manure to dry it faster so ammonia release is reduced, and at birds to cool them down if needed |
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Term
What is a clickframe poultry house? |
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Definition
sloped downwards towards center (shallow v) eggs roll to there for collection on a belt |
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Term
Why might broiler hen size vary even if diet, time on feed etc. are the same? |
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Definition
ventilation changes impact big time |
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Term
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Definition
lights are in the actual cage, more uniform lighting for everybody |
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Term
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Definition
reduced litter design
each tube delivers air, drying manure so less NH3 emissions. but not necessarily good footing for the birds |
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Term
What is a multi purpose perch? |
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Definition
water/enriched air/fiber optic lighting/heat supply inside |
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Term
What do sows do post-farrowing? |
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Definition
seek out cooler area bc metabolic activity is very high, they feel hot |
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Term
How does piglet temperature preference change throughout the day? |
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Definition
prefer cooler in morning, warmer in afternoon, sinusoidal pattern |
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Term
What is the primary strategy for evaporative heat loss in swine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mist from below
drip cooling not as effective bc thick back fat |
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Term
What is the advantage of using farrowing crates? |
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Definition
minimize pre-weaning mortality minimize exposure to disease |
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Term
alternative to farrowing crates |
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Definition
pen, with a place where piglets can escape sow |
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Term
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Definition
gap too small for piglets to nurse comfortably |
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Term
Where do piglets prefer to be? |
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Definition
near the sow, not in the creep area even if it's designed to be 'attractive' to them |
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Term
What areas must be considered when designing pig facility for functional use of space? |
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Definition
sleeping eating drinking dunging traffic areas |
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Term
How can the dunging area be manipulated? |
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Definition
step/partitioning to delineate area install sprinklers overtop direct ventilation in (but less comfortable) |
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Term
What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for sheep and goats? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the primary evaporative heat loss strategy for horses? |
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Definition
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Term
4 ways of transfering heat |
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Definition
conduction convection radiation evaporation |
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Term
The five main environmental factors that are controlled by ventilation |
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Definition
fresh air freedom from drafts comfortable temperature humidity level contaminants |
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Term
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Definition
have feed/water/mineral lick
crappy fencing but sheep aren't going anywhere bc they're comfortable
should have shade |
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Term
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Definition
poor ventilation can tell bc mould on ceiling due to moisture |
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Term
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Definition
lots of cross ventilation, bright, doors to open for moving sheep and equipment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
yes, animals chew it & harbors bacteria |
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Term
Daily time budget of a horse |
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Definition
Feeding Standing Walking around Lying down |
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Term
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Definition
light right in middle - bright spots and shadows
grain in back = more private for eating area |
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Term
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Definition
no insulation board blocks light from getting to stalls rafters allow for perching |
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Term
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Definition
hallway is well lit but stalls are not wood - dust bacteria rafters - birds perch and poop |
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Term
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Definition
double layer of natural light, good open stall tops = good air flow con - can make barn quite warm |
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Term
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Definition
insulation exposed no need to have such a high wall wood - fire hazard, cant be sterilized poor lighting, tiny window |
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Term
first thought when you see a steel roof with no insulation? |
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Definition
rain in winter, super hot in winter! |
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Term
Things to consider with beef facilities |
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Definition
-reno existing barns instead of building new -animal waste/handling/distribution -feeding system, equipment -temp vs perm shade -flooring -lighting -freedom of movement |
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Term
important beef handling equipment |
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Definition
headgate holding chute squeeze chute working chute gates & panels loading chute SCALE!!!! |
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Term
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Definition
high walls are good bc can't see staff working so won't panic as much |
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Term
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Definition
tarp for shade isn't shading the calf |
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Term
creep feeders - best on sides or in center? |
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Definition
sides reduces wind shadowing in middle of facility and you can monitor intake |
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Term
when looking at photos of barns with overhangs over feed areas... |
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Definition
make sure it extends far enough to protect feed from rain |
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Term
all dirt turnout for beef cattle? |
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Definition
bad bad bad just a mess of poop and bacteria |
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Term
should you rely on natural shade? |
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Definition
no, animals will make a mess of the area beneath it. moveable shade is better |
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Term
if on large pasture, bushes, trees and streams for beef herds should be... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
stages of pasture rotation - good |
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Term
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Definition
more efficient to build no windshadowing inside bc no corners more aerodynamic, winds less likely to rip roof off |
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Term
KISS formula for making milk |
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Definition
quality milk = DMI + water intake + rest
-make your feed don't buy it! |
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Term
checkerboarding indicates... |
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Definition
cows don't have enough room to lie down in 2 rows |
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Term
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Definition
rubber only helpful for hindlegs fronts can still get damaged on concrete
solution: add a toe kick |
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Term
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Definition
rubber only goes down center, cheap and lazy |
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Term
sand texture considerations |
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Definition
needs to be fine, if too coarse it will create foot problems, hock sores, damage to equipment (abrasive) |
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Term
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Definition
stalls are right against wall, not enough lunge space for getting up/lying down |
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Term
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Definition
really restrictive, not set up with the cows in mind at all. lunge space, have to stay crouched down, can't lie down comfortably |
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Term
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Definition
neck bar forces cows to back up before getting up/down, makes sure she'll poop in the aisle where it's easier to clean |
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Term
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Definition
takes pressure off of the rumen |
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Term
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Definition
cow has to back up to get up properly trough not easily cleaned, collecting dust and bird poop |
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Term
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Definition
strap directs cows where to lie down, will break if needs to. safe, unobstructive |
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Term
things to look for in cow pictures |
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Definition
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Term
con of composted bedding back |
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Definition
needs to be managed twice daily |
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Term
cons of wide body dairy barns? |
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Definition
huge amount of energy req to draw air across for ventilation, and center aisles are likely poorly ventilated |
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Term
Ambition of Sustainable Dairy Chain 2020 (5) |
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Definition
1. improve energy efficiency & production (climate-neutral growth) 2. reduce greenhouse gases 3. improve longevity of animals, reduce antibiotics 4. maintain 75% grazing farms 5. biodiversity - sustainable soya, palm kernels etc |
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