- Monocotyledones

- Eudicotyledones

- flowering plants (angiosperms)

• dominant heterosporous sporophytes and unisextual endosporic gametophytes
• flowers modified from shoot apices produce fused microsporangia (stamens) and ovules inside an ovary
• double fertilization (also seen in some gymnosperms); produces food for embryo inside angiosperms
• seed develop inside fruits

• vessels in xylem, sieve tubes in phloem
• protected seeds; development takes place in fruit
• fruit modified for protection and dispersal

What is the only species in the Amborellerceae family?

• Amborella trichopodia
• Diecious, small simple flowers w/ spiraled parts
• no vessels
• no evidence of genome duplication
• woody and evergreen

• mixture of monocot and eudicot characters and when two species diverged from each other so did their characters
• two cotyledons in embryo is primitive, but 1 cotyledon is the derived character found in all monocots
• one pore or furrow in pollen in primitive, but three is derived character found in eudicots

Eudicot characteristics

a) flower parts

b) pollen

c) Cotyledons

d) leaf venation

e) Primary vascular bundles in stem

f) True secondary growth, w/ vascular cambium

a) 4 or 5 flower parts

b) pollen- triaperature (3 pores or furrows)

c) 2 cotyledons

d) leaf venation: usually netlike

e) vascular bundles in stem: in a ring

f) vascular cambium commonly present

Monocots characteristics

a) flower parts

b) pollen

c) Cotyledons

d) leaf venation

e) Primary vascular bundles in stem

f) True secondary growth, w/ vascular cambium

a) flower parts: 3

b) pollen: monoaperature

c) Cotyledons: 1

d) leaf venation: usually parallel

e) Primary vascular bundles in stem: complex arrangment

f) True secondary growth, w/ vascular cambium: rare

A flower is modified from a step tip with modified leaves in four whorls.

Sepal, Petal, Stamen and Pistil

Fused microsporangia (anthers) supported by a stalk (filament); these may be fused together or to petals

THINK STAY-MEN = MALE = ANTHER = microsporangia

Stamen = anther + filament

central structure made up of one or more carpels (leaves bearing ovules) rolled into tubes; at the tip is a sticky stigma connected by a long style to a swollen base (ovary) containing ovules.

Pistil = Stigma, Style, Ovary

1. complete flowers
2. incomplete flower
3. perfect flowers
4. imperfect flowers

Flowers that have all flower parts

- septal

- petal

- stamen

- pistil

Flowers only have either pistillate or staminate at any given time

e.g holly, willow, ginkgo

- Male gametophytes (= pollen grains) develop inside anthers (fused microsporangia)

- microspore mother cell (2N) undergoes meiosis to form four microspores (N)

- microspore undergoes one mitotic division to form a two-celled microgametophyte (pollen grain)

Megaspore (N) undergoes 3 mitotic division to form a mature female gametophyte (embryo sac)

• two polar nuclei migrate from each end of the center of a large central cell
• three antipodal cells at the chalzal end
• two synergid cells bordering tghe egg

• Pollen tube grows down to the ovule and contact embryo sac and deposits sperm nuclei inside
• one sperm nucleus fuse w/ the egg to form a zygote (2N)
• the other sperm nucleus fuses w/ the polar nuclei to form an endosperm nucleus (3N) which develops into endosperm
• double fertilization

Double fertilization is when

1) Egg gets fertilized by sperm

2) Endosperm is formed

1. primary endosperm nucleud divides forming endosperm
2. zygote develops into embryo
3. the integuments develop into a seed coat
4. ovary wall and related structures develop into a fruit

1. seed coat made of integuments
2. embryo (2N)
3. endosperm tissue (3N) food supply

• two cotyledons
• hypocotyl on one side
• shoot apical meristem
• basal cell of suspensor

• pericarp
• endosperm
• scutellum (single cotyledon)
• coleoptile
• plumile
• radicle
• coleorhiza

• Coleoptile will break through the soil
• first leaf foliage break through the coleoptile
• formation of shoot-borne roots

1. Simple: develop from a single ovary to form a single flower
   e.g fleshy many types
2. multiple: develops from an inflorescence with numerous flowers clustered together
   e.g pineapple, mulberry
3. aggregate: many ovaries form to develop a single flower
   e.g blackberry, strawberry, magnolia

1. berry
2. hesperidium
3. pepo
4. drupe
5. pome

Entire fruit wall fleshy

e.g tomato, grapes, banana

modified berry with a leathery rind

e.g citrus

Modified berry w/ a hard rind

e.g cucumber, melons

fleshy out water and hard inner fruit

e.g coconut, avocado, peach, walnut

An accesory fruit that develops from floral tissue surrounding the inferior ovary. the ovary becomes the "core"

e.g apple, pear

1. Dehiscent: Open
2. Indehiscent: do not open along a line

a. legume: open on two sides

b. follicle: open on one side, milkweed

c. capsule: compound w/ many chambers, dehiscence lines

achene: one seed in a dry fruit; not fused,

e.g sunflower, strawberry

nut: very hard fruit wall

e.g acorn

caryopsis: one seed in a dry fruit; fused;

e.g grains like corn, oats, barley