Term
| (evolutionary something) Corresponds in time most closely with the formation of Pangaea was |
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| If the half life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth of the normal amount of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these if acted upon a gene would prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock? |
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Definition
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Term
| Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition from: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is found only among annelids? |
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Term
| Which of the follow characteristics is probably most responsible for the great diversification of insects on land? |
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Term
| What is thought to be the correct sequence of events from earliest to most recent in the evolution of life on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions such as freezing, drying, or high temperature, DNA would have to be a part of which structures? |
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Definition
| Nucleoid region, endospore, plasmids |
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Term
| What is the major function of sodium in plants? |
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Definition
| sodium is key in maintaining turgor within the plant stem. With high Na concentrations in the stem, osmotic pressure increases, and water flows into the stem to maintain concentration equilibrium. |
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Term
| Only certain prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation, but nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes are not known to live inside of animals. Thus, how do animals access fixed nitrogen? |
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Definition
| they may ingest plants that harbor nitrogen fixers, or plants that absorbed fixed nitrogen from the soil, they may ingest nitrogen fixers, and they may ingest other animals that did B or C |
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Term
| An ectothermic organism that has few, or no options when it comes to its behavioral ability to adjust its body temperature is: |
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Definition
| sea star, a marine invertebrate |
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Term
| Panting by an overheating dog is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared with a smaller cell, a large cell of the same shape has: |
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Definition
| less surface area per unit volume |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular, plasma and transcellular fluid, interstitial spaces |
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Term
| Bones are held together at joints by: |
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Definition
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Term
| After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is: |
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Definition
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Term
| To increase the effectiveness of exchange surface in the lung and intestines, evolutionary pressure has: |
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Definition
| increased the surface area available for exchange |
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Term
| Bacteria are beneficial to animal nutrition, including that of humans. Which of the following is among their greatest benefits to us? |
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Definition
| production of biotin and vitamin K |
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Term
| In which of the following would you expect to find an enlarged cecum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than that of a human respiratory system? |
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Definition
| the bird respiratory system does not mix inhaled air with inhaled air |
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Term
| Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that: |
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Definition
| the effector’s response in positive feedback is in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it |
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Term
| Which of the following is accounted for by immunological memory? |
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Definition
| the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased |
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Term
| Which of the following differentiates T cells and B cells? |
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Definition
| T cells recognize body cells but B cells do not |
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Term
| Some nutrients are considered essential in the diet of certain animals because: |
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Definition
| they cannot be manufactured by the organism |
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Term
| If the atrioventricular node could be surgically removed from the heart without disrupting the signal transmission to the purkinje cells, what would be the effect? |
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Definition
| atria and ventricles would contract about the same time |
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Term
| The lining of the smallest tubules in the kidneys is composed of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The pH of gastric juice is about 2, due to the formation of hydrochloric acid. Where does this formation of hydrochloric acid occur? |
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Definition
| in the lumen of the stomach |
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Term
| The African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of freshwater, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation? |
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Definition
| not enough water to dilute ammonia |
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Term
| As body size increases among birds, what happens? |
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Definition
| the average rate of energy use per cell decreases |
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Term
| The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiratory rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons: |
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Definition
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Term
| One person to produce over a million different antibody molecules could not possibly require over a million different genes. Instead, the variability is accounted for by which process? |
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Definition
| DNA rearrangements followed by alternative splicing of the transcripts |
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Term
| In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated? |
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Definition
| when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell |
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Term
| What is the primary function of humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids |
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Term
| The high osmolarity (or osmoregularity?) of renal medulla is maintained by all of the following EXCEPT: |
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Definition
| diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle |
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Term
| How do ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining the osmoregularity of homeostasis? |
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Definition
| ADH monitors osmolarity by reabsorption of water; RAAS maintains osmolarity by stimulating Na reabsorption |
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Term
| Which is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds? |
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Definition
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Term
| A blood vessel has the following characteristics. Outer layer of connective tissue, thick layer of smooth muscle with elastic fibers, no valves. Which of the following is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a normal response to increase blood osmolarity in humans? |
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Definition
| production of more dilute urine |
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Term
| Which of the following is TRUE of urea? |
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Definition
| the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans |
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Term
| Proper functioning of the human kidney requires considerable active transport of sodium in the kidney tubules. If these active transport mechanisms were to stop completely, how would urine production be affected? |
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Definition
| a greater than normal volume of isoosmotic urine would be produced |
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Term
| Which of the following is true of ammonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most concentrated urine is secreted by: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which combination of gland and hormone would be linked to winter hibernation and spring reproduction in bears? |
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Definition
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Term
| When several EPSP’s arrive at the axon hillock from different directions or different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to a threshold for action potential, this is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person drinks a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from water toxicity. ADH can help prevent water retention through interaction with the target cells in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a steroid hormone that triggers moulting in arthropods? |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are steroid hormones EXCEPT: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a steroid hormone that triggers moulting in arthropods? |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are steroid hormones EXCEPT: |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the neurons in the human brain are: |
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Definition
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Term
| Where and from what compounds is urea produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when a neurons membrane depolarizes? |
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Definition
| membrane voltage becomes more positive |
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Term
| How does ADH function at the cellular level? |
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Definition
| it causes an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells |
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Term
| Melatonin has been found to participate in all of the following EXCEPT: |
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Definition
| calcium deposition in the bone |
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Term
| Action potentials move along axons how and where? |
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Definition
| more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons |
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Term
| The botulinum toxin reduces the synaptic release of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from the MOST to the LEAST inclusive? |
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Definition
| ecosystem, community, population, individual |
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Term
| Which biome is able to support many large animals despite receiving moderate amounts of rainfall? |
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Definition
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Term
| You are interested in studying how organisms react to the gradient of a variety of abiotic conditions and how they coexist in this gradient. The best location in which to conduct such a study is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Deserts typically occur in a band 30 degrees North and South latitude because: |
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Definition
| descending air masses tend to be cool and dry |
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Term
| Coral reefs can be found on the southern east coast of the United States but NOT at similar latitudes on the southern west coast. The difference which is most likely to account for this is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following are important biotic factors that can effect the structure and organization of a biological community? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements best describes the difference in approach to studying the environment by early naturalists compared to present day naturalists/ecologists? |
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Definition
| early naturalists employed a descriptive approach; present-day ecologists generate hypotheses, design experiments, and draw conclusions from their observations |
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Term
| The growing season would generally be shortest in which of the following biomes? |
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