Respiratory gases move across the respiratory membrane in the lungs by...

a. Simple diffusion 

b. facilitated dIffusion

c. Filtration

D. None of the above

During expiration, air is forced out of the lungs due to...

a. IncreasEd intrapulmonary (intraalveolar) pressure 

b. movement along its concentration ggradients.

c. Decreased intrapulmonary (intraalveolar) pressure

d. A pressure gradient created by the heart

Alveolar gas exchange is facilitated by the presence of a(n) _________ epithelium lining the alveolar walls.

a. Simple squamous

b. stratisfied squamous

c. Pseudostratified columnar 

d. Simple columnar

Incoming air must be conditioned prior to it entering the respiratory portion of the respiratory system. Factors that aid in conditioning the incoming air include all EXCEPT which of the following?

a.        Nasal conchae

b.        Nasal mucosae

c.        Epiglottis

d.  Paranasal sinusues

The Bohr effect refers to...

a.        the rate at which carbonic acid is formed via carbonic acid anhydrase.

b.       the diffusion of the respiratory gasses across the respiratory membrane.

c.        the influence of CO2 and pH on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

d.       the binding of C0₂ to hemoglobin.

 The significance of the Bohr effect is that...

a.        it ensures that metabolically active cells receive adequate oxygen.

b.        it helps to maintain acid-base balance of the blood.

c.        it ensures that carbon dioxide is removed from the body.

d.        it stimulates the respiratory centers to accelerate the rate of pulmonary ventilation.

Which muscle is normally only active during forced expiration?

a.        Diaphragm

b.       External intercostals

c.        Internal intercostals

d.       Sternocleidomastoid

___________________________ refers to gas exchange between the blood stream and the tissues.

a.        Pulmonary ventilation

b.        Internal respiration

c.        External respiration

d.        Cellular respiration

The conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate occurs much faster within red blood cells than in blood plasma because of the presence of...

a.        carbaminohemoglobin

b.        tryptase

c.        carbonic acid anhydrase

d.        salivary amylase

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is known as...

a.        pulmonary ventilation

b.       external respiration

c.        internal respiration

d.       cellular respiration

Which of the following chemical factors is most important as a stimulus to trigger adjustments in pulmonary ventilation rates?

a.        Oxygen in the blood

b.       Carbon dioxide in cerebrospinal fluid

c.        pH of urine

d.       All of the above are equally important

Ventilation is controlled by centers located within which of the following brain structures?

a.        Medulla oblongata and pons

b.        Cerebrum and cerebellum

c.        Diencephaolon

d.        Hypothalamus

Carbonic acid is best described by which of the following?

a.        A combination of water and bicarbonate.

b.       A form of oxygen.

c.        The digestive acid of the stomach

d.       A weak acid.

Which of the following refers to a collapsed lung?

a.        hypoxia

b.       bronchitis

c.        pneumonia

d.       atelectasis

Which of the following characteristics best describes the transportation of the respiratory gasses by the blood stream?

a.   Most carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the plasma.

b.    Most oxygen is transported bound to the heme group of hemoglobin.

c.        Most carbon dioxide is transported bound to the globulin chains of hemoglobin.

d.        Most oxygen is transported in the form of water.

Ingested material mixed with gastric secretions is best thought of as...

a.        chyme

b.       a bolus

c.        vomit

d.       food

Most digestive tract organs are covered in a serous membran£ known as the...

a.        adventitia

b.       pleura

c.        peritoneum

d.       meninges

Which of the following refers to a type of movement within the digestive tract that results the mixing of ingested material with digestive enzymes?

a.        Peristalsis

b.        Deglutition

c.        Segmentation

d.        Constriction

____________________________________ are specialized cells that release hydrochloric acid in the ____________________________

a.     Enteroendocrine...small intestine

b.       Parietal cells...stomach

c.        Acinar cells...pancreas.

d.       Goblet cells...stomach

Which digestive function refers to the breakdown of ingested material by enzymes?

a.     Ingestion

b.       Propulsion

c.        Mechanical digestion

d.       Chemical digestion

This process mixes ingested material with saliva to form a bolus.

a.        Mastication

b.       Deglutition

c.        Peristalsis

d.       Segmentation

The myenteric plexus (enteric nervous system) is a network of nerves that regulates the...

a.        contractions of the muscularis mucosae

b.       secretion of submucosal glands

c.        folds of the digestive mucosae

d.       contractions of the muscularis externa

Which sequence best represents the digestive tract?

a.        Oral cavity -pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine

b.       Oral cavity- esophagus -pharynx - stomach - large intestine - small intestine

c.        Oral cavity -pharynx - larynx - stomach - small intestine - large intestine

d.       Oral cavity -larynx - trachea - stomach - small intestine - large intestine

 Which of the following is NOT an accessory digestive organ?

a.        Pancreas

b.       Cecum

c.        Liver

d.       Salivary gland

The large intestine plays a role in digestion as a...

a.        site for the absorption of water and certain vitamins.

b.       site for the chemical digestion of nucleic acids.

c.        site for the absorption of lipids.

d.       site for the absorption of carbohydrates.

 The vagus nerve (X) innervates the digestive tract to stimulate secretion and motility. In this capacity, the vagus nerve is associated with the...

a.        Parasympathetic nervous system

b.       Somatic nervous system

c.        Sympathetic nervous system

d.       None of the above

____________________________ is a hormone that increases gastric secretion and motility.

a. Gastrin

b.  Epinephrine

c.    Somatostatin

d.   Cholecystokinin

The distension of the stomach and the presence of food chemicals triggers the phase of stomach activity.

a.        cephalic

b.       gastric

c.        intestinal

d.       All of the above

Which of the following statements regarding secretin is FALSE?

a.        It stimulates both gastric motility and secretion.

b.        It stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder.

c.        It is released from enteroendocrine cells located in the intestinal crypts.

d.        It has synergistic effects with cholecystokinin.

Babies wear diapers (in part) because they have yet to gain control over their...

a.        internal anal sphincter.

b.        abdominal muscles.

c.        ileocecal valve

d.        external anal sphincter

Most absorption occurs in the...

a.        Stomach

b.        Liver

c.        Large intestine

d.        Small intestine

The chemical digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the...

a.        mouth and small intestine

b.       stomach only

c.        stomach and small intestine

d.       small intestine only

The term deglutition refers to...

a.        chewing

b.       stomach churning

c.        peristalsis

d.       swallowing

Lacteals are located in the...

a.        rugae of the stomach.

b.       vermiform appendix.

c.        villi of the small intestine.

d.       haustra of the large intestine.

Which of the following does not accurately describe pepsinogen?

a.        It is a proenzyme.

b.       It is secreted by chief cells:

c.        Its active form is pepsin.

d.     It contributes to the acidity of the stomach

The presence of circular folds, villi, and microvilli are adaptations for...

a.        emulsifying lipids.

b.       increasing surface area.

c.        mixing ingested masses with pancreatic juice.

d.       housing the normal microbiota of the colon.

If a colon cancer metastasizes, the cancer is likely to spread to the liver. This is because..

a.        cancer cells are carried directly to the liver via the lymphatic lacteals.

b.       the liver is in close anatomical proximity to the colon.

c.        the liver metabolizes toxins and other dangerous wastes.

d.       the hepatic portal system joins the colon directly to the liver.

Which of the following statements regarding the brush border enzymes is CORRECT?

a.        They are membrane proteins of epithelial cells.

b.       They are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine.

c.        They digest proteins in the stomach.

d.       None of the above are correct.

Functions of the kidneys include all of the following except...

a.        stimulate erythropoiesis

b.       storage of urine

c.        gluconeogenesis

d.       acid-base balance

Urine is formed by which of the following structures?

a.        Ureters

b.       Urinary bladder

c.        Nephrons

d.       Uterus

The fluid contained within the renal tubule is best referred to as

a.        Plasma

b.       Filtrate

c.        Interstitial fluid

d.       Urine

The role of tubular secretion is to...

a.        remove nutrients from the filtrate

b.       remove H⁺ from the filtrate.

c.        form concentrated urine

d.       add additional substances to the filtrate

Which of the following factors will lead to an increase in Glomerular Filtration Rate?

a.        Vasodilation of afferent arteriole

b.       Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels

c.        Vasodilation of efferent arteriole

d.       Decrease in systemic blood pressure

Which sequence best describes the order of renal tubule structures?

a.        Renal capsule - PGT- descending limb (loop of Henle) - ascending limb (loop of Henle)- DCT

b.       Renal capsule - ascending limb (loop of Henle) - PCT - DCT - decending limb (loop of Henle)

c.        Renal capsule - PCT—BCT - ascending limb (loop of Henle) - descending limb (loop of Henle)

d.       Renal capsule - PCT- ascending limb (loop of Henle) - descending limb (loop of Henle)-DCT

Macula densa cells...

a.        are located in the walls of the collecting duct.

b.       monitor the NaCl content of the renal filtrate.

c.        release renin in response to elevated blood pressure.

d.       help regulate the permeability of the renal capsule.

The most important factor that determines glomerular filtration is...

a.        Blood pressure

b.       Blood ADH levels

c.        Capsular hydrostatic pressure

d.       Blood colloid osmotic pressure

47)  Given the following information, determine Net Filtration Pressure (NFP).

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure = 50 mmHg

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure = 30 mmHg

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure = lO mmHg

a.        -20 mmHg

b.       0 mmHg

c.        10 mmHg

d.       20 mmHg

Granular cells are best described by which of the following.

a.        specialized smooth muscle cells.

b.       located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

c.        cells that release renin.

d.       all of the above

Glomerular filtration occurs between...

a.       the glomerulus and collecting duct.

b.       the afferent and efferent arterioles.

c.       .the peritubular capillary and nephron tubule.

d.       the glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

Which of the following statement comparing cortical and juxtaglomerular nephrons is correct?

a.        Cotical nephrons have very long loops of Henle.

b.       Juxtamedullary nephrons are more common.

c.        Juxtamedullary nephrons are important to forming conrentrated urine

d.       Cortical nephrons are associated with a vasa recta