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| A structured series of propositions or premises, followed by a conclusion that is supported by the premises. The premises and conclusion are interdependent. |
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| A dispute or disagreement, this is not an argument. |
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| An argument in which if the premises are true, the conclusion is also true. The conclusion logically follows from the premises. |
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| An argument in which the conclusion follows from the premises, which have a high probablity of being true. The argument is not neccesarily true. |
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| An abductive argument presents the most probable explanation. The conclusion may be false even if the premises are true. Determining a conclusion based on evidence presented. |
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| When the truth of the premises are guaranteed by the truth of the conclusion. Are the premises true? |
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| When an argument is valid and the premises are true. The conclusion flows from the premises. |
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| A flaw in an argument when the meaning of an essential word changes in the course of the argument. Ambiguity arises from the misleading use of a term that has more than one meaning. |
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Also known as circularity, this is a logical fallacy in which the truth of a premise relies on the truth of another premise. Ex.
1: The bible says that God exists
2: What the bible says is true because the bible is the word of God.
C: Therefore, God exists. |
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| Assuming a premise is true without stating it within the argument. A premise that is implied but still supports the conclusion. |
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| Necessary and Sufficient Clauses |
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If A is a necessary condition for B, then B cannot be true unless A is true.
If A is a sufficent condition for B, then if A is true, then B is true.
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| A proposition that can be known without experience. Knowledge based on reason. |
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| A proposition that can only be understood through experiene. Knowledge based on empirical evidence. |
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| Necessary and Contingent Propositions |
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A necessary proposition is one that is true and cannot have been false.
A contingent proposition is one that could have been false. |
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| Personal Identity: Fission Problem |
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| Parfit's view on personal identity |
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| Personal Identity vs. Survival |
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| Parfit's view on Survival |
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| Miller's 4D view on Personal Identity, psycological continuity |
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| Weirob's objection to Miller |
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| William's body swap and mind-scramble cases, his view |
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| Chisholm's agent-causation, definition and problems |
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| Substance causation problem |
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| The forking paths argument |
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| The problem of luck argument |
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| Frankfurt's Jones and Black case, relation to PAP |
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| Flicker of freedom, objection to Frankfurt |
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| "A will" according to Frankfurt |
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| "A person" according to Frankfurt |
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| "A wanton" according to Frankfurt |
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| Mesh problem for Frankfurt |
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| Descriptive vs. perscriptive (normative) ethics |
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| The greatest happiness principle, "well-being", problems for the principle |
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| Singer's argument for famine relief |
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| "Comparable moral significance" |
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| Duty ethics vs. deontological theories |
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| Kant's categorical imperative, what does he mean by categorical and imperative |
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| Lying, murder and suicide, and the description problems for Kant |
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| Kant's categorical imperative |
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