Term
| Why use alternative feeds? (4) |
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Definition
-lower cost of production
-diver waste from landfills
-use byproducts of human food production
-reduces need for use of human-quality products |
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Term
| Why use feed additives? (3) |
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Definition
increase production
lower cost of production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic steroid from modified progesterone fed to heifers |
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Term
| What does MGA do? Who does it benefit? |
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Definition
binds to progestin receptor, far stronger affinity than progesterone
-promotes growth & feed efficiency by suppressing estrous
-heifers benefit bc they don't get stressed by estrous
-steers benefit bc they don't get distracted by estrous |
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Term
| What is the withdrawal period for MGA? |
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Definition
| no longer have one bc heifers used to come into heat 2 days before slaughter, which would increase dark cutters |
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Term
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Definition
| lower quality meat due to glycogen stores being depleted before slaughter |
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Term
| What additive is used to reduce liver abscesses? |
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Definition
tylosin
chlortetracyline
oxytetracyline
bacitracin |
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Term
| What are the pros(3) / cons(1) of tylosin? |
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Definition
PRO
-reduce incidence of liver abscesses
-improve growth, carcass yield
-better value for liver & carcass
CON
-may be detrimental to rumen bacteria |
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Term
| What causes liver abscesses? |
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Definition
acidosis reduces integrity of rumen wall
bacteria penetrate wall, enter portal blood, are carried to liver |
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Term
| How do liver abscesses affect producers? |
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Definition
| reduce optimal growth, feed efficiency & hot carcass weight |
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Term
| Tylosin has minimal positive effects, is it still worthwhile? |
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Definition
| if you are marketing huge numbers of animals per year, yes, the savings can add up |
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Term
| What do exogenous enzymes do? Name some types |
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Definition
-improve breakdown of feed factions
Fiber-digesting
-cellulase, hemicellulase
Starch
-amylase
Protein
-proteases |
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Term
| What are some drawbacks to exogenous enzymes? |
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Definition
need to ensure they are stable in the rumen (microbes can't break them down)
may not be cost effective |
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Term
| Why does adding exogenous cellulase have a greater benefit if cattle are fed barley vs corn? |
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Definition
| barley has more NDF, so adding cellulase has greater ability to improve digestion & ADG, DMI etc |
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Term
| Give some examples of buffers |
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Definition
sodium bicarbonate
limestone
magnesium oxide
sodium bentonite |
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Term
| What are direct fed microbials? What do they do? (3) |
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Definition
probiotics, bacteria, yeast, molds
-help maintain healthy microbial ecosystem
-reduce stress related ti illness
-shift microbial populations to alter VFA production, use of lactate |
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Term
| ____ is a repartitioning agent |
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Definition
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Term
| What does optaflexx do / how does it work? |
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Definition
Beta andrenergic receptor ligand
-redirects nutrients from fat deposition to protein deposition
-increase protein synthesis, decrease breakdown |
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Term
| What effect does optaflexx have on performance? |
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Definition
| increase ADG, improve F:G, improve lean meat yield |
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Term
| High levels of optaflexx are associated with decreaesed _____ but producers don't get paid based on this |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is zilpateral no longer used? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give some examples of energy by-product feeds |
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Definition
grain screenings
beet pulp
soybean hulls
bakery waste
molasses
tallow |
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Term
| _____ is an energy by-product feed that is a readily fermentable CHO, can improve palatability |
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Definition
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Term
| Give some examples of protein by-product feeds |
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Definition
SBM
canola meal
corn gluten meal
meat/bone meal
feather meal
blood meal
fish meal |
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Term
| Feeding candy waste can be dangerous as it increases risk of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would feeding vegetable wastes not always be practical? |
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Definition
| high moisture, need to transport it, cost of that is low value for the %DM you get |
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Term
| Factors affecting use of byproducts |
|
Definition
Cost
Nutrient density (and fluctuations)
Mineral supplementation
-can create toxicitites
Physical form
-transport, storage, ability to mix
Protein content
Mineral content |
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Term
| Corn gluten and wheat middlings are high in ______ while corn gluten meal is high in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Most byproducts are high in ___ which can cause issues with bone density |
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Definition
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|
Term
| corn gluten feed and DDG are high in _____ which can lead to thyminase deficiencies |
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Definition
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Term
| Soybean hulls are high in ___, low in ___ and are often fed as a _____ to high concentrate diets or _____ to forage-based diets |
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Definition
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Term
| Wheat middlings are a source of _____ and ____, but deficient in _____ |
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Definition
energy
CP
Ca/carotene/Vit D |
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|
Term
| A challenge with incorporating soybean hulls and wheat middlings into diets is that they are |
|
Definition
| dusty & have fine particle size |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why do DDGS pose less risk of acidosis than corn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pros of DDGS |
|
Definition
-protein supplement
-add energy
-less risk of acidosis
-may be able to reduce use of forage (if eNDF is sufficient)
-provide minerals (but some excessive) |
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Term
| If using DDGS as a way to reduce forage requirements, you must make sure that _____ is sufficient |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cons of DDGS |
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Definition
| environmental impact (N excretion, P) |
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Term
| Wet milling of grains r=produces.... |
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Definition
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Term
| CGM is high in ____, ____, ____ and ____ |
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Definition
protein
energy
methonine
bypass protein |
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Term
| What is the risk of feeding corn gluten feed? |
|
Definition
| high in S, which can put animals at risk for polyencephalomalacia due to thiaminase activity |
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Term
| Concerns with storage of wet DGS? |
|
Definition
| need to be able to use it quickly, otherwise may be more prone to mould growth |
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|
Term
True or False
Crude glycerin from the biodesel industry may be contaminated with methanol, but this wouldn't be a concern for ruminants |
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Definition
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Term
| Benefits of byproduct use in forage-based diets? |
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Definition
-reduce forage costs
-diet fillers
-sources of soluble fiber (beet pulp, soybean hulls)
-protein supplements |
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