Term
| Compare appearance of tongue papillae in cats and humans. |
|
Definition
-Cat has numerous sharp, bristly filiform papillae.
-Human papillae are less numerous, blunted, and softer |
|
|
Term
| Compare number of lobes of liver in cats and humans. |
|
Definition
-Cat liver has 5 lobes
-Human liver has 4 |
|
|
Term
| Does that have a uvula or an appendix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain different adult dental formulas in cats and humans. |
|
Definition
| -Cats are carnivores and need extra incisors for biting. They have a reduced need for grinding and thus have fewer molars. |
|
|
Term
| How does the position of the kidneys in the cat differ from their position in humans? |
|
Definition
-Cat kidneys are located at the same level or the right kidney is more anterior
-Human kidneys, the left is more superior
-Both are retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between a ureter and urethra. |
|
Definition
-Ureter carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
-Urethra carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior |
|
|
Term
| How does the site of urethral emptying in the female cat differ from its termination point in the human female? |
|
Definition
Human: empties to the body exterior
Cat: empties into the urogenital sinus along with the vagina |
|
|
Term
| What is a urogenital sinus? |
|
Definition
| It is a common chamber into which the urethra and vagina enter |
|
|
Term
| What gland encircles the neck of the bladder in the male? Is it part of the urinary system? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
| Prostate; No, part of the male reproductive system; Produces a secretion which contributes to seminal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Compare the location of the adrenal glands in the cat to the location in humans. |
|
Definition
Humans: Sits atop the kidneys
Cats: Superior, separate, and medial to the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Loc. Axillary Lymph Nodes (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loc. Bone Marrow (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loc. Cervical Lymph Nodes (Lym. Sys) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loc. Cistema Chyli (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
| Epigastric region (inferior to heart) |
|
|
Term
| Loc. nguinal Lymph Nodes (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
| Pelvic Region (Left Side) |
|
|
Term
| Loc. Lymphatic Vessels (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loc. Peyer's Patches (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loc. Right Lymphatic Duct (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Left side; Left of heart and lower |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic Duct (Lym. Sys.) |
|
Definition
| Below neck; almost middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Situated right above heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain why the lymphatic system is a one-way system, whereas the blood vascular system is a two-way system. |
|
Definition
Lymphatic System lacks arteries and begins with blind-ended lymph capillaries; "Return" system only
Blood vessels form a complete circuit to and from the heart. |
|
|
Term
| How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins? |
|
Definition
| They are thin walled and have valves. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Lymphatic Capillaries and Blood Capillaries. |
|
Definition
| Lymph Capillaries are more permeable and are blind-ended. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the terminal duct draining most of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors are involved in the flow of lymphatic fluid? |
|
Definition
-"Milking" action of skeletal muscles
-Pressure changes in the thorax |
|
|
Term
| What is the cisterna chyli? |
|
Definition
-Enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct
-Receives lymph from the digestive viscera |
|
|
Term
| Lymph in Cisterna Chyli vs General Lymph Stream. |
|
Definition
| -Same, except that lymph in the cisterna chyli is very FAT RICH |
|
|
Term
| Which portion of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct? |
|
Definition
| Right half of upper torso, head, and arm |
|
|
Term
| Note three areas where lymph noes are densely clustered. |
|
Definition
-Axillary Region
-Cervical Region
-Inguinal Region (groin) |
|
|
Term
| Loc. Middle Concha (Resp. Sys.) |
|
Definition
| Middle Face (behind nose) |
|
|
Term
| Loc. Hard Palate (Resp. Sys.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Below mouth towards throat |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Gland (Resp. Sys.) |
|
Definition
| Lump close to skin on throat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Below thyroid gland and farther back towards middle of throat |
|
|
Term
| Pharyngeal Tonsil (Resp. Sys.) |
|
Definition
Back of mouth and throat
Above mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Below pharyngeal tonsil
-back of mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
below uvula
-back of throat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voice box below oropharynx |
|
|
Term
| Vocal Fold (True Vocal Cord) (Resp. Sys.) |
|
Definition
| middle of throat halfway down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube going down middle of throat |
|
|
Term
| Upper and Lower Respiratory System Structures: Front (Mouth) and Back (Throat) |
|
Definition
Mouth Side (Top to Bottom)
-Middle Concha
-Hard Palate
-Epiglottis
-Thyroid Gland
-Trachea
Throat Side (Right side)
-Pharyngeal Tonsil
-Uvula
-Oropharynx
-Laryngopharynx
-Vocal Fold
-Esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic System Structures (Anatomical View) |
|
Definition
Right Side (Top to Bottom)
-Right Lymphatic Duct
-Axillary Lymph Nodes
-Cisterna Chyli
-Bone Marrow
Left Side (Top to Bottom)
-Tonsils
-Cervical Lymph Nodes
-Thoracic Duct
-Thymus
-Spleen
-Peyer's Patches (Intenstine)
-Inguinal Lymph Nodes
-Lymphatic Vessels |
|
|
Term
| Which pair of vocal cords are the true vocal cords found in the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larynx cartilage that forms the Adam's Apple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larynx cartilage that is shaped like a signet ring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larynx cartilage that is a "lid" for the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larynx cartilage that is a vocal cord attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the fact that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings? |
|
Definition
| Prevents its collapse during pressure changes occurring during breathing. |
|
|
Term
| Name two functions of the nasa cavity mucosa. |
|
Definition
-Warms incoming air
-Moistens incoming air |
|
|
Term
| Structures of Lungs (Anatomical View) Right and Left Sides and MIddle |
|
Definition
Between Lungs (Top to Bottom)
-Trachea
-Main (primary) Bronchi
Right Lung (Top to Bottom)
-Superior Lobe of Right Lung
-Inferior Lobe
-Middle Lobe
Left Lung (top to bottom)
-superior lobe of left lung
-lobar (secondary) bronchus
-segmental (tertiary) bronchus
-inferior lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -connects the larynx to the primary bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -food passageway posterior to the trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -covers the glottis during swallowing of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -contains the vocal cords |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood |
|
|
Term
| Opening of the Pharyngotympanic Tube (Des.) |
|
Definition
| -connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxygen-using cellular processes (that produce energy) with tissue cells |
|
|
Term
| The tubelike digestive canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is known as the _____ |
|
Definition
| Alimentary canal or the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract |
|
|
Term
| What transition in epithelial type exists at the grastroesophageal junction? |
|
Definition
| Changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to simple columnar (stomach) |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine. |
|
Definition
| -large intestine includes the colon, but also the cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Digestive System Structures (Anatomical View) |
|
Definition
Right Side (top to bottom)
-vestibule
-sublingual gland and ducts
-gallbladder
Left Side
-parotid gland and duct
-pharynx
-esophagus
-pyloric portion of the stomach
-pancreas with duct
-transverse colon
-descending colon |
|
|
Term
| Histological Structure of Stomach |
|
Definition
| -looks like a very long strand that takes up almost whole slide (like snake game) |
|
|
Term
| Histological Structure of the Ileum (distal small intestine) |
|
Definition
-looks like reef on top
-has two balls (peyer's patches) at the bottom of slide |
|
|
Term
| Histological Structure of the Duodenum (proximal small intestine) |
|
Definition
-has like snake strand at top then space
-small clusters at the bottom of slide |
|
|
Term
| Duodenal Glands (Produce) |
|
Definition
| -produce mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -produce HCl and Pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal Crypts (Produce) |
|
Definition
-intestinal juice
-found in the mucosa of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Produces bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Produces a whole spectrum of enzymes that an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Salivary Glands (Produce) |
|
Definition
| -Produces a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| To store and concentrate bile made by the liver |
|
|
Term
| Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver. |
|
Definition
-Branch of the Bile Duct
-Branch of Hepatic Artery
-Branch of Hepatic Portal Vein |
|
|
Term
| At what pH did you see the highest activity of salivary amylase? Why? (Carbohydrate Digestion) |
|
Definition
-7
-Salivary amylase is active in the mouth, which has a pH of 7 |
|
|
Term
| What effect did boiling have on enzyme activity? Why? (Carbohydrate Digestion) |
|
Definition
| -Boiling caused the protein salivary amylase to be denatured, thus inactivating the enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Describe the substrate and the subunit product of amylase. (Carbohydrate Digestion) |
|
Definition
| The substrate is starch; the product is maltose |
|
|
Term
| Does amylase use cellulose as a substrate? Explain. (Carbohydrate Digestion) |
|
Definition
| No; amylase is an enzyme that does not digest cellulose, only starch |
|
|
Term
| At what pH did you see the highest activity of pepsin? How does this correlate to the location of pepsin in the body? |
|
Definition
-2
-Pepsin is found in the stomach where the pH is 2 |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of using 37 C for the incubation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of increasing the afferent radius on glomerular filtration rate and glomerular pressure. (Renal System) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of decreasing the efferent radius on glomerular filtration rate and glomerular pressure. (Renal System) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of increasing the efferent radius on glomerular filtration rate and glomerular pressure. (Renal System) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of increasing the beaker pressure on glomerular filtration rate. (Renal System) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of increasing the beaker pressure on glomerular pressure. (Renal System) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As you increased the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, what happened to the concentration of the urine? (Renal System) |
|
Definition
| When ADH is present, urine concentration increases |
|
|
Term
| What happened to the volume of the urine as you increased the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
| When ADH is present, urine volume is decreased |
|
|
Term
| What effect does the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid have on the maximum urine concentration? (Renal System) |
|
Definition
| When ADH is present, urine concentration equals the interstitial fluid concentration. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the pH of the blood changes with an increase in the level of CO2. (Acid-Base) |
|
Definition
| Blood pH decreases with an increase in the level of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What happened to the level of H+ in the urine as the level of CO2 decreased? (Acid-Base) |
|
Definition
| As the level of CO2 decreased, the amount of H+ in the urine decreased |
|
|
Term
| Which type of breathing results in respiratory alkalosis? (Acid-Base) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain how the renal system compensates for respiratory acidosis. (Acid-Base) |
|
Definition
| The renal system releases H+ and retains HCO3- to compensate for respiratory acidosis. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of breathing results in respiratory acidosis? (Acid-Base) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some other potential causes of metabolic acidosis. (Acid-Base) |
|
Definition
-Ketoacidosis
-Salicylate Poisoning
-Ingestion of too much alcohol
-Diarrhea
-Strenuous exercise |
|
|
Term
| List some other potential causes of metabolic alkalosis. (Acid-Base) |
|
Definition
-Alkali Ingestion (antacids/bicarbonate)
-vomiting
-constipation |
|
|
