Term
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Definition
| small circular DNA molecules that replicate within bacterial cells separate from bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the manipulation of genetic material for practical purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences (usually results in a staggered cut that leaves the DNA with "sticky ends") |
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Term
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Definition
| carriers of genetic information from test tube to host organism |
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Term
| Creating recombinant DNA and clones (using bacteria) |
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Definition
-Isolate DNA from bacterium and gene of interest
-Use restriction enzymes to cleave bacterial plasmid and gene of interest (plasmid is often labeled with a marker for antibiotic resistance)
-Mix gene of interest and bacterial plasmid - sticky ends will base pair
-Use DNA ligase to join the plasmid and the gene - the result is recombinant DNA
-Introduce recombinant DNA into bacteria and use antibiotics to determine which bacteria contain the gene of interest
-Select cells with gene of interest and allow to reproduce - now have cloned copies of the gene
-Using bacteria can have drawbacks because protein synthesis is different in prokaryotes and eukaryote |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| a method for making many copies of a specific segment of DNA |
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Term
| DNA amplification using PCR |
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Definition
-DNA to be amplified is put in a test tube with DNA polymerase, special DNA primers, and DNA nucleotides
-The DNA is melted into single strands of DNA
-The DNA primers attach to special sites on the single strands of DNA
-DNA polymerase extends the primers and synthesizes complementary strands of DNA
-The cycle is repeated many times and results in billions of copies of a segment of DNA in a few hours |
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Term
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis |
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Definition
-Different alleles have different sequences of nucleotides
-When an allele is cut with restriction enzymes it produces a specific banding pattern when the fragments are separated with gel electrophoresis
-Different alleles will produce different banding patterns - these banding patterns can be used as genetic "fingerprints" |
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Term
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Definition
| use genetic engineering to correct genetic disorders; useful for single enzyme deficiency diseases where an introduced normal allele could code for the missing enzyme |
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Term
| production of transgenic animals |
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Definition
| animals that contain genes from other organisms |
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Term
| two components of The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin |
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Definition
-Evolution is the process responsible for the unity and diversity of life and all life forms are descended from pre-existing life forms
-Natural selection is the process that drives evolution |
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Term
| Darwin's Thesis of Natural Selection |
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Definition
-All populations have the potential for exponential growth (organisms tend to produce more offspring than will survive)
-This overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for existence
-There is variation in a population - some individuals will be better suited to their environment than others and will survive and reproduce
-Those individuals that are better suited to their environment will be naturally selected by the environment as the parents of the next generation - this results in a gradual change in the population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of natural selection is adaptation of organisms to their environment; differential survival and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| artificial selection, biogeography, fossil records, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, laboratory and field studies |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the genetic structure (gene and allele frequencies) of a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
ets up the conditions for a non-evolving population
-Large population size
-Isolated population
-No net mutations
-Random mating
-No natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| small population size allows random events to change the genetic structure of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| a population can gain and lose alleles due to movement of individuals into and out of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| production of a new allele due to mutation changes the genetic structure of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| most organisms have a mate choice system that causes the selection of certain genotypes/alleles over others |
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Term
| modes of natural selection |
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Definition
-Stabilizing selection - selection against extreme phenotypes results in a narrower range of phenotypes
-Directional selection - selection against one extreme or the other results in a shift in the distribution of phenotypes
-Diversifying selection - selection against intermediate phenotypes results in a bimodal distribution |
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Term
| why evolution doesn't produce perfect organisms? |
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Definition
-evolution is limites by historical constraints
-adaptions are often comprimises
-not all evolution is adaptive
-selection can only edit exist in variations |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| species is defined as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature with one another and produce viable, fertile offspring |
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Term
| Prezygotic barriers vs. Postzygotic barriers |
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Definition
| Prezygotic barriers impede mating or disrupt fertilization vs. prevent the production of viable, fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
-habitat isolation - species in different habitats will rarely encounter each other
-behavioral isolation - mating behaviors are species specific
-temporal isolation - different breeding times are a barrier to reproduction
-mechanical isolation - closely related species may attempt to mate but fail due to mechanical incompatibility of reproductive organs
-gametic isolation - gametes are different enough that fertilization does not occur |
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Term
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Definition
-hybrid inviability - genetic -incompatibility between the two species causes spontaneous abortion of the embryo
hybrid infertility - hybrids are sterile
-hybrid breakdown - the first generation hybrid is viable and fertile but 2nd generation offspring are sterile |
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Term
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Definition
| the origin of new species in evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| a mode of speciation induced when the ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| a mode of speciation occuring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the interactions between organisms and their environments |
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Term
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Definition
| nonliving chemical and physical factors(temp., light, water) vs. living |
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Definition
temperature
water (rainfall)
sunlight
wind
periodic disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| major vegatative communities |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all the abiotic factors in addition to the enitre community of species |
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Term
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Definition
| species that are not normally present in natural communities that arrive from some distant place |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals of one species that occupy the same area, rely on the same resources, and are influenced by similar environmental factors |
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Term
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Definition
survivorship curves show the number of individuals from a generation that are still alive
Type I - low death rate initially, then high death rate
Type II - death rate is constant
Type III - high death rate followed by low death rate |
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Term
| semelparity vs. iteroparity |
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Definition
single large reproductive effort
vs. produce small number of offspring over a number of breeding seasons |
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Term
| two models of population growth |
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Definition
| exponential and logistic population growth |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the factors that influence community structure and organization |
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Term
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Definition
| an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the mutual evolution of two species where each species influences the evolution of the other |
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