Term
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Definition
“Seasonal Scheduling” hypotheses
(****pop size, key resources in environment, technology***)
Move to resources season to season, in dry season move upland to hunt, rain seasons move to low lands. As pop grows more teosinte and maize exploited, when pop hits carry capacity, pressure to more intensively and efficiently exploit.. etc.
Problem: Maize and teosinte weren’t very productive in early days, couldn’t get a lot of food out them, not enough information about Archaic Period |
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Term
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Definition
“Settling In” hypothesis, highlands were nuclear zones for precursor of early domesticates, hunter-gatherers, plants so abundant and edible they began to focus on them more intensively, cultivate them, select for specific traits, led to domestication
Problem: Doesn’t explain when domestication occurred, corn wasn’t abundant in highlands
Excavated Coxcatlan Cave in the Tehuacan Valley
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Term
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Definition
| Established that the Olmec were in the gulf coast and that they were a complex chiefdom |
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Definition
| Arrived in 1519, hears stories of Aztec city, wanted wealth, became alliance with enemies of Aztecs, conquered Aztecs city and stripped it of it’s wealth |
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Definition
| Archeologist excavated the Maya site of Palenque, where he found the tomb of the Maya ruler Pakal |
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Term
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Definition
| First known culture in mesoamerica, elaborate political and religious symbolism, significant trade ties, alliances or conquered with other areas in mesoamerica, for many years thought to be first chiefdom, now many think they were first state, with first cities in mesoamerica |
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Term
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Definition
Came into power 100 years before spanish arrived, migrated from central Mexico, effective warriors, barbarians, become powerful during Great War of 1426-1428, became dominant power in basin of Mexico, initiated political reforms to solidify their power, alter religion so human sacrifice was main part of religion, ceremonies where 1000s of war captives were sacrificed, skulls of victims put on skull racks (needed people to sacrifice, became reason to conquer other states)
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Term
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Definition
Lived in Oaxaca
Left evidence in city of Monte Alban
Ball courts
Founded Monte Alban |
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Term
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Definition
Monte Alban, gained control from Zapotec
Paid tribute to Aztecs
Codices
Jewelry (gold, turquoise) |
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Term
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Definition
Ruler of Copan
Defeatedby Quirigua (Cauc Sky) |
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Term
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Definition
Defeated Chimor state
Capital city Cuzco
Peru
Sapa Inca
Machu Picchu
Inti- Sun God |
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Term
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Definition
Soconusco Region
Only known fully developed written language
Fully developed writing
Calendar
Intro of Pottery
Stelae |
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Term
| 4 Reasons for collapse of Mayan Society |
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Definition
-Human impact on environment (Copan)
-Social Revolt (Teo)
-Evidence of warfare (Maya Lowland)
-Evidence of drought (Yucatan) |
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Term
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Definition
First Complex chiefdoms
Carved stone monuments
Supernatural figures |
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Term
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Definition
Peru
Capital Moche
Extensive irrigation systems (turn desert into agricultural landscape)
Warfare and human sacrifice
Earthquake followed by El Nino |
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Term
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Definition
| Basin of Mexico, Valley of Oaxaca, Maya Highland |
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Term
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Definition
Gulf Coast
Maya lowlands (southern, northern)
Pacific Coast |
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Term
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Definition
Altiplano
Driest desert on earth, rich marine resources
Titicaca Basin |
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Term
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Definition
| First site of human in the New World |
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Term
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Definition
Street of the Dead
Apartment compounds
Pyramid of the Sun, Moon, Temple of Quetzalcoatl
Feathered Serpent Deity
Muted rulership |
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Term
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Definition
Zapotec Civilization
Monte Alban, San Jose Mogote |
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Term
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Definition
| Home of the Maya civilization, archeological remains show ceremonial architecture dating back some 3,000 years |
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Term
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Definition
Richard MacNeish
provides evidence of the initial appearance of domesticated plants including maize, squash and beans |
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Term
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Definition
Site of Coxcatian cave, location of first ceramic technologies
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Term
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Definition
| Earliest complex societies |
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Term
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Definition
Major pop and political center
Serious of monumental platforms built above river
Basalt heads |
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Term
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Definition
Huge pyramid
2 teenagers, string ray spines
Ideology Important
Olmec rulers had relationship with gods
Stelae |
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Term
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Definition
Main site before Monte Alban
In crises loosing power
Stone depiction of noble
Earliest evidence of heart sacrifice |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Earliest State
Two room temples
Ballcourt
Palaces built around main plaza
Danzante Gallery
Warfare and sacrifice
Trade with Teo |
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Term
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Definition
Mayan
Stepped pyramid temples
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Term
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Definition
Earliest Mayan city
Largest buildings
Plaster faces |
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Term
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Definition
Maya Capital
18 Rabbit
Best evidence of human impact on enviroment
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Term
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Definition
Mayan
Shares architectural and sculptural styles with Copan
Tallest stone monument |
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Term
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Definition
Mayan
Hieroglyphic inscriptions on monuments
Tomb of Lord Pacal
Incriptions
Ruz |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mayan
Yucatan Peninsula
Dominant at end of Late Classic
Major Regional Capital |
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Term
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Definition
Chavin
Ceremonial center
Social upheaval |
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Term
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Definition
Andean Coast
Lines along coast |
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Term
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Definition
Capital of Inca empire
Peru |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Maya
Palenque
Funerary Monument |
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Term
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Definition
Palenque
Ruz
Temple of Inscriptions
Shows leader falling into underworld |
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Term
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Definition
Aztecs temple
In capital city of Tenochtitlan
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Term
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Definition
Supe Valley
Earliest Andean chiefdoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Imagery of man being slayed, first time we see a ruler attached to human sacrifice |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mayan origin stories
Agreement between people and gods |
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Term
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Definition
| Oaxacan origin stories after Monte Alban |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in Monte Alban, showed blending of religion and politics, portal and entryway to the underworld, sacrifice and to seal political alliances |
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Term
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Definition
Bands
Evidence of earliest Americans |
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Term
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Definition
Band societies
Forager farmers
Coaxcatlan Cave
Evidence of domestication (squash, gourds, maize beans)
Wild food still dominant |
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Term
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Definition
Wattle and daub
Earliest pottery |
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Term
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Definition
Earliest complex Societies |
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Term
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Definition
800- 400 BC, Evidence of Olmec ideology in monument art, complex chiefdoms, burials of teenager with sting ray
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Term
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Definition
400-300 AD, Sacrifice made distinction between nobles and commoners more defined, lived in different houses, each class had different forms of speech San Jose Mogote, Monte Alaban, Teo, El Mirador, Monte Alban first city-state, El mirador earliest Mayan city and largest
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Term
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Definition
Teo, Monte Alban
Mayan Collapse |
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Term
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Definition
New cities begin to arise
Tula
Aztecs (Tenochtitlan)
Spanish arrive |
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Term
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Definition
Origins of agriculture
Development of complex societies
Domestication of llama and guinea pigs |
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