Term
| alcoholic liver disease complications |
|
Definition
- alcoholic encephalopathy
- portal hypertension
- bleeding esophageal varices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- end-stage of chronic liver disease
- much of functional liver replaced by fibrous tissue (diffuse fibrosis and conversion of normal architecture into abnormal nodules)
- normal flow through liver disrupted |
|
|
Term
| manifestations of cirrhosis |
|
Definition
- hepatomegaly
- weight loss, anorexia
- jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complications of cirrhosis |
|
Definition
- portal hypertension
- splenomegaly (thrombocytopenia)
- ascites
- esophageal varices (bleeding)
- spider angiomas (diluted arterioles)
- palmar erythema (redness on palms
- encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - sustained portal vein pressure >12mmhg (normal bt 5-10) |
|
|
Term
| 3 causes of portal hypertension |
|
Definition
- any condition increasing resistance to hepatic blood flow
- prehepatic
- posthepatic
- intrahepatic |
|
|
Term
| prehepatic portal hypertension |
|
Definition
| obstruction of portal vein before entering liver |
|
|
Term
| posthepatic portal hypertension |
|
Definition
- obstruction through any veins beyond liver lobules
- ex: clot in hepatic vein, right sided heart failure, so return isn't good |
|
|
Term
| intrahepatic portal hypertension |
|
Definition
| - obstruction w/in liver (cirrhosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased fluid in peritoneal cavity; late stage manifestation of cirrhosis and portal hypertension (increased Na retention therefore increased water retention) |
|
|
Term
| contributing factors to ascites |
|
Definition
- increased capillary P from portal hypertension and obstruction of flow through liver
- retention of Na and water by kidneys
- decreased colloidal P (impaired albumin synthesis from failing liver) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dietary restriction of Na and water
- diuretics (increased urination)
- paracentesis - drain out fluid from abdomen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |
|
Definition
- seen in persons w both cirrhosis and ascites
- peritoneal cavity infected w bacteria from blood, lymph, or through bowel wall
- serious infection; high mortality even w antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - result of shunting of blood into splenic vein |
|
|
Term
| what are the results of splenomegaly |
|
Definition
- sequestering of large numbres of blood elements and development of hypersplenism
- decreased life span and numbers of formed elements in the blood (thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased blood platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does increased P in portal vein lead to |
|
Definition
| development of large collateral channels for flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bt portal and systemic veins supplying lower rectum and esophagus and the umbilical veins of falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
| what results from collateral channels |
|
Definition
- hemorrhoids
- caput medusae
- portopulmonary shunts (bypass pulmonary caps) |
|
|
Term
| what is clinically most important concerning collateral channels |
|
Definition
| connections to esophagus - esophageal varices (weakens vessels and subject to rupture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P in portal vein increased due to obstruction, causing collateral channel development |
|
|
Term
| what are is the result of esophageal varices |
|
Definition
| causes reveral of flow (back-up) and formation of thin-walled varicosities (in submucosa of esophagus) |
|
|
Term
| why are esophageal varices subject to rupture |
|
Definition
- can result in massive, fatal hemorrhage
- common in ppl who have cirrhosis
- complicated by liver disfx (failure to produce coagulation factors) and splenomegaly (thrombocytopenia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- common in pts w cirrhosis
- failing liver unable to metabolize neurotoxins (ammonia, particularly)
- totality of CNS manifestations of liver failure ( ranges from lack of mental alertness to confusion, coma, convulsions) |
|
|
Term
| what is the most severe clinical consequence of liver disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of liver failure |
|
Definition
- acutely (fulminant hepatitis)
- chronic, progressive (cirrhosis) |
|
|
Term
| how much loss of hepatic fx is needed for failure to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - eliminate OH intake, prevent infections; carbos and calories to prevent protein breakdown; correct fluid/electrolyte imbalances; decrease ammonia production |
|
|
Term
| two manifestations of liver failure |
|
Definition
- disorders of synthesis and storage fx
- disorders of metabolic and excretory fx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gallstones (sixe: grain of sand to 1" diam)
- precipitation of substances in bile (especially cholesterol and bilirubin) |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for cholelithiasis |
|
Definition
- women
- native americans
- over age 40 |
|
|
Term
| contributing factors to cholelithiasis |
|
Definition
- bile composition abnormalities
- bile stasis
- gallbladder inflammation |
|
|
Term
| signs and sxs of cholelithiasis |
|
Definition
- many asymptomatic
- sxs when bile flow obstucted
- diff for small and large stones |
|
|
Term
| small stones signs and sxs |
|
Definition
- pass into common duct: indigestion, biliary colic (pain in the right upper quadrant)
- stone may become lodged: acute cholecystitis (repeated episodes: chronic cholecystitis) |
|
|
Term
| large stones signs and sxs |
|
Definition
| - more likely to obstruct flow, causing jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- substrate: proteins
- action: proteins to peptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- substrate: proteins
- action: removes last aa from carboxy end of peptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- substrate: fat
- action: converts triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- substrate: polysaccharide
- action: converts polysaccharides into glucose and maltose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- substrate: nucleic acid
- convert nucleic acids into nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - activated pancreatic enzymes escape into pancreas and surrounding tissue (i.e. autodigestion of pancreas) |
|
|
Term
| causes of acute pancreatitis |
|
Definition
- usually develops from gallstones (stones in common duct ) or OH abuse
- hyperlipidemia
- hyperparathyroidism
- infections
- drug-induced
- abdominal and surgical trauma |
|
|
Term
| signs and sxs of acute pancreatitis |
|
Definition
- abrupt onset: initial symptom = severe epigastric pain radiating back
- abdominal distenstion, hypoactive bowel sounds
- loss of fluid vol into retroperitoneal, peripancreatic space, abdominal cavity
- tachycardia, hypotension, clammy skin
- mild jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- serum amylase (rise w/in first 24hrs; elevated for 72hrs)
- serum lipase (rise w/in first 24-48 hrs; elevated 5-14d)
- urine amylase (increased urinary clearance)
- increased wbc
- hyperglycemia (islets, increase glucose, decreased insulin)
- increased bilirubin (if block duct) |
|
|
Term
| complications of acute pancreatitis |
|
Definition
- acute respiratory distress syndrom
- acute tubular necrosis (kidney disfx)
- hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| prognosis of acute pancreatitis |
|
Definition
| - age, increased wbc, increased bg, infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- prophylactic antibiotics
- fluid replacement
- pain relief/smooth muscle relaxation |
|
|
Term
| two types of chronic pancreatitis |
|
Definition
- chronic calcifying
- chronic obstructive
- both are progressive destruction of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| two types of chronic pancreatitis |
|
Definition
- chronic calcifying
- chronic obstructive
- both are progressive destruction of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| two types of chronic pancreatitis |
|
Definition
- chronic calcifying
- chronic obstructive
- both are progressive destruction of pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- presistent, recurring epigastric pain
- develop malabsorption (due to disfx of enzymes) syndrome and diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - tissue composed of water, solutes, cells, formed elements and dependent upon gender and size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- transportation
- fight infection
- clotting
- buffers internal pH
- maintains normal body T |
|
|
Term
| two ways blood fxs as a transporter |
|
Definition
- carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
- carries secretions and wastes away from cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main constituents of blood |
|
Definition
- plasma
- cells
- platelets |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of plasma |
|
Definition
| water, proteins, ions, glucose, lipids, aa, vits, globulins, albumin, hormones, dissolved gases |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of cells in the blood |
|
Definition
| - rbcs (erythrocytes), wbcs (leukocytes) |
|
|
Term
| what is the main fx of rbcs |
|
Definition
| - provide Hb for O2 binding |
|
|
Term
| what is the main fx of wbcs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 types of wbcs |
|
Definition
- lymphocytes (B and T)
- monocytes/macrophages
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mostly in bone marrow
- only pieces circulate in blood
- fragments of megakaryocytes
- blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| what are the fxs of the plasma |
|
Definition
- liquid portion of blood; transport medium
- transports inorganic and organic substances |
|
|
Term
| what are the fxs of the plasma proteins |
|
Definition
- albumins establish osmotic gradient bt blood and interstitial fluid
- other proteins buffer pH changes
- globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma): roles range from blood clotting to transport
- gamma globulins: role in immunity as antibodies
- fibrinogen: key factor in blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| what do rbcs lack that most other cells have |
|
Definition
| nucleus, organelles, and ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| why does the shape of rbcs contribute to its fx |
|
Definition
- has large surface area and is thin which are both advantageous for diffusion
- the plasma membrane is flexible which helps the rbcs slide through capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - protein made of 4 highly folded polypeptide chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 4 Fe-containing, non protein groups
- each Fe atom bound to one globin polypeptide and can combine w one molecule of O2 gas
- molecule is bright red when combine w O2 (this is why blood is red) |
|
|
Term
| other than Fe, globin, and O2, what else can Hb bind to? |
|
Definition
CO2, CO, NO, and H+
- buffers blood pH by binding H+ |
|
|
Term
| why can rbcs in circulation not reproduce |
|
Definition
- no nucleus therefore no cellular division
- avg life span is 120d |
|
|
Term
| where are old rbcs destroyed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the site of erythropoeisis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does bone marrow produce new rbcs |
|
Definition
- pluripotent stem cells in the red marrow differentiate into all the diff types of blood cells
- regulatory factors act on hemopoietic (blood-producing) red marrow to govern the type and number of cells produced and discharged into the circulation |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates an increased rate of erythrocyte production |
|
Definition
- low level of O2 delivery to tissues (including kidney)
- hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| what controls erthyropoiesis |
|
Definition
- erythropoietin (EPO)
- hormone produced by kidneys
- takes about 1 wk to see fx |
|
|
Term
| overall definition of anemia |
|
Definition
- reduction below the normal capacity of blood to carry oxygen
- NOT A DISEASE; indicative of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nutritional anemia
- pernicious anemia
- aplastic anemia
- renal anemia
- hemorrhagic anemia
- hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - caused by dietary deficiency of a factor needed for erythropoeisis (e.g. iron or folic acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- due to inability to absorb adequate amts of vit B12 from the digestive tract
- low absorption of B12 due to lack of "intrinsic factor" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- due to failure of bone marrow to make adequate numbers of rbcs
- can be caused by radiation, viral infection, bone marrow CA, chemical exposure, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- due to loss of significant amts of blood (acute or chronic)
- normochromic, normocytic, low hct, high reticulocyte ct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- due to the rupture of many rbcs
- sickle cell disease can make rbcs fragile and vulnerable to hemolysis
- normochromic, normocytic, low hct, v. high reticulocyte ct |
|
|
Term
| how can someone acquire hemolytic anemia |
|
Definition
- drugs, chemicals, toxins, venoms, infections (malaria)
- often immune-mediated (Abs to rbcs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- excess circulating rbcs
- produces an elevated hct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- caused by tumorlike condition in the bone marrow
- increases blood viscosity up to 7x normal, which may reduce O2 delivery to tissues and increases TPR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - total peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - erythropoietin-induced adaptive (appropriate) mxn to improve the O2-carrying capacity in the blood |
|
|
Term
| what are some conditions other than polycythemia that can elevate the hct |
|
Definition
| - dehydration due to heavy sweating or diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lacks nuclei, but have organelles and cytosolic enzymes
- synthesize and store secretory products
- produce platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- arrest of bleeding
- platelets play a major role |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- increases megakaryocyte numbre
- overall production not well understood
- produced by liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- vascular spasm
- platelet plugging
- blood coagulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - vascular constriction, reduces blood flow through damaged vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- platelets aggregate on contact w exposed collagen in damaged wall of vessel; bind to VWF which carries factor involved in clotting cascade
- stimulated by ADP
- other substances from blood vessel endothelium inhibit platelet aggregation, keeping the process under control |
|
|
Term
| coagulation (blood clotting) |
|
Definition
- reinforces platelet plug and converts blood to a gel in area of vessel damage
- ultimate step in clot formation: conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
- fibrin threads trap rbcs, forming clot |
|
|
Term
| what organ produces fibrinogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a meshwork strengthened by cross-linkage from factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- formed from precursor, prothrombin, via activation of Factor X
- conversion involves clotting cascade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- converting fibrinogen to fibrin
- activating factor 8
- facilitating its own formation via positive feedback
- enhancing platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -- series of steps involving 12 clotting factors which leads to final conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- proteolytic enzymes in series of rxns called the clotting sequences
- one factor in sequence activated, which in turn activates another factor, and so on |
|
|
Term
| what are the last two steps of the clotting cascade |
|
Definition
- prothrombin converted to thrombin
- fibrinogen converted to fibrin |
|
|
Term
| what are the two pathways of the clotting cascade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade |
|
Definition
- 7 steps: all elements found in blood; blood vessel damage
- meets extrinsic pathway at factor x |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade |
|
Definition
- shortcut of 4 steps; factors external to blood; tissue damage
- meets intrinsic pathway at factor x |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- after clot formed
- contraction of platelets in clot causes fibrin mesh to shrink and fluid (serum) to be squeezed from clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occurs in the clotting process
- one molecule can activate 100 molecules in the next step, etc
- advantage of multi-step process |
|
|
Term
| what is a clot short-term soln |
|
Definition
| - fibroblasts form scar tissue for vessel repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- clot slowly dissolved by plasmin (enzyme)
- phagocytic wbcs remove products of dissolving clot |
|
|
Term
| how does plasmin dissolve a clot |
|
Definition
- made in liver as inactive precursor (plasminogen)
- plasminogen activated in cascade fashion
- amongst factors in cascade is factor xII (hageman factor), same factor involved in clot formation
- when clot formed, activated plasmin trapped in clot, slowly breaking down fibrin mesh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- tissue plasminogen activator
- prevents inappropriate clot formation
- derived from tissues
- plasmin fxs continually to prevent inappropriate clot formation |
|
|
Term
| what can result from inappropriate clotting |
|
Definition
- thromboembolism
- caused by roughened surfaces on a vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - conditions causing excessive bleeding |
|
|
Term
| 3 main causes of hemophilia |
|
Definition
- deficiency of any factor in clotting cascade (factor VIII)
- platelet deficiency
- vit K deficiency |
|
|
Term
| how does platelet deficiency cause hemophilia |
|
Definition
- thrombocytopenia purpura
- causes hundres of small, confined hemorrhagic areas in body |
|
|
Term
| two forms of hypercoaguable states |
|
Definition
- conditions creating increased platelet fx
- conditions causing increased clotting activity |
|
|
Term
| what two places will hypercoaguable states cause a predisposition to thrombosis |
|
Definition
- arteries (due to trubulence - platelets)
- veins (due to stasis - platelets and fibrin) |
|
|
Term
| what are effects of increased platelet activation |
|
Definition
- endothelial damage
- increased platelet sensitivity to adhesion, aggregation factors |
|
|
Term
| what are some factors which will cause a disturbance in platelet flow |
|
Definition
- atherosclerosis
- smoking
- HTN
- DM
- elevated blood lipids/cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| primary disorders affecting coagulation components when there is an increased clotting activity |
|
Definition
- genetic mutations in factor V and prothrombin most common
- deficiencies in antithrombin III, protein C, protein S less common |
|
|
Term
| secondary disorders affecting coagulation components when there is an increased clotting activity |
|
Definition
- acquired
- stasis: immobilized or postsurgical pt
- MI
- CA
- hyperestrogenic states, oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| 4 categories of bleeding disorders |
|
Definition
- platelet defects
- coagulation defects
-disseminated intravascular coagulation
- vascular disorders |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of platelet defects |
|
Definition
- thrombocytopenia
- thrombocytopathia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- decreased numbers of circulation platelets
- increased bleeding risk (petechiae, purpura) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 causes of thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
- decreased platelet production in bone marrow
- increased platelet pooling in spleen
- decreased platelet survival due to immune or nonimmune mxns |
|
|
Term
| cases in which decreased platelet production in bone marrow would occur |
|
Definition
| - aplastic anemia, leukemia, radiation, HIV |
|
|
Term
| cases in which increased platelet pooling in the spleen would occur |
|
Definition
| - splenomegaly due to cirrhosis, portal HTN, and lymphomas |
|
|
Term
| cases in which a decreased platelet survival would occur |
|
Definition
| - antiplatelet Abs (self Ags or platelets from blood transfusions or pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| 2 main causes of thrombocytopathia |
|
Definition
- inherited disorders
- drug induced |
|
|
Term
| what inherited disorder causes thrombocytopathia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drugs might induce thrombocytopathia |
|
Definition
- aspirin and other NSAIDS bc they inhibit TxA2 production
- clopitogrel/ticlopidine bc they inhibit ADP
- GPIIb/GPIIIa inhibitors bc they block the receptor |
|
|
Term
| two ways to have coagulation defects |
|
Definition
- impaired synthesis
- hereditary disorders |
|
|
Term
| how does impaired synthesis lead to coagulation defects |
|
Definition
- liver disease: liver produces most coagulation factors
- vit K deficiency: factors VII, IX, X, prothrombin are vit K dependent |
|
|
Term
| what hereditary factors can lead to coagulation defects |
|
Definition
- hemophilia A: factor VIII
- von Willebrand disease: factor VIII-vWF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- VWF
- autosomal therefore both men and women are affected
- typically goes unnoticed
- much more common than hemophilia |
|
|
Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
|
Definition
- paradoxical rxn of coagulation and hemorrhage
- activation of clotting cascade via thrombin generation resulting in systemic fibrin formation
- anticoagulant system overwhelmed
- microvascular thrombosis
- massive clot formation uses all coagulation proteins and platelets
- hemorrhage
- fibrinolytic system activates and leads to more bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| = vessel occlusion and tissue ischemia |
|
|
Term
| what does systemic fibrin formation mean? |
|
Definition
| - clots are formed EVERYWHERE |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of vascular disorders |
|
Definition
- hemorrhagic telangiectasia
- scurvy (vit C deficiency)
- cushing's disease
- senile purpura |
|
|
Term
| hemorrhagic telangiectasia |
|
Definition
- uncommon autosomal dominant disorder
- thin-walled, dilated capillaries and arterioles; vessels not anatomically correct |
|
|
Term
| scurvy (vit C deficiency) |
|
Definition
| - poor collagen synthesis in endothelial wall; results in fragile vessel walls; Vit C is necessary for collagen synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - protein wasting and loss of tissue support due to excess cortisol; cortisol uses up proteins that make up vessel walls therefore vessel walls are weaker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - bruising in the elderly caused by aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- matures over 24-48hrs to mature rbcs
- high reticulocyte numbers = increased erythropoiesis |
|
|
Term
| what four things can be tested in a lab in regards to blood levels |
|
Definition
- hb
- hct
- MCV
- reticulocyte count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mean corpuscular vol
- size of rbcs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- impaired oxygen transport w resultant compensatory mxns
- reduction in rbc indices and Hb levels
- signs and sxs of pathology causing anemia |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of deficient rbc production anemias |
|
Definition
- Fe-deficient anemia
- pernicious anemia
- folic acid anemia
- aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dietary deficiency of Fe, loss of Fe (bleeding), increased demand
- microcytic, hypochromic
- low ferritin caused by low Fe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- B12 deficiency
- due to inability to absorb adequate amts of B12
- low absorption of B12 due to "intrinsic factor"
- macrocytic, normochromic
- vegetarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- req'd for DNA synthesis and RBC maturation
- macrocytic, normochromic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - due to failure of bone marrow to make adequate numbers of RBCs (all blood cells affected, though) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- complication of chronic infections, inflammation, CA
- normocytic, normochromic, decreased reticulocyte numbers |
|
|
Term
| theory behind chronic disease anemias |
|
Definition
- actions of macrophages, lymphocytes in response to cell injury cause short life span, deficient RBC production in response to EPO, low serum ion
- chronic renal failure
- HIV
- CA
- rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- transfusion therapy
- blood donations |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of transfusion therapy |
|
Definition
- whole blood
- packed RBC
- leukocyte poor RBC
- washed RBC
- frozen rbcs |
|
|
Term
| frozen rbc as a type of transfusion therapy |
|
Definition
- glycerol keeps RBCs from freezing and then glycerol is washed away
- can last up to 10 yrs
- great for rare blood types |
|
|
Term
| two types of blood donation |
|
Definition
- autologous
- donor blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of autologous donation |
|
Definition
- predeposit
- hemodilution
- intraoperative salvage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - donating you own blood 6 wks in advance before a surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - removing blood before surgery then put back after; common in open heart surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - in middle of surgery and reinfused during surgery |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things is donor blood tested for |
|
Definition
- ABO surface Ags
- Rh types
- Infection risks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - excess circulation rbcs producing elevated hct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated hct due to increased total rbc mass (primary or secondary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- polycythemia vera
- proliferative disease of pluripotent cells in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - EPO-induced adaptive (appropriate) mxn to improve the O2-carrying capacity of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- elevated hct due to loss of plasma vol
- e.g. dehydration due to heavy sweating, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| signs and sxs of polycythemia |
|
Definition
- increased blood viscosity: CO and blood flow reduced
- hypertension common (overcoming viscosity): HA, inability to concentrate, vision, hearing trouble as a result of decreased cerebral blood flow
- venous stasis: dusky redness (even cyanosis)) of lips, fingernails, mucous membranes
- thromboembolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - primary, reduce viscosity via: phlebotomy to decrease rbc vol or suppress bone marrow fx via chemotherapy reduces wbc and platelet counts |
|
|
