Term
| Causes of different meat types? |
|
Definition
-genetics
-muscle glycogen
-management from farm to packaging plant(stress) |
|
|
Term
| Why does pH decline post-mortem? |
|
Definition
| due to lactic acid build up |
|
|
Term
| pH in DFD meat in pork after 1 hour and after 24 hour? |
|
Definition
1 hour: minimum drop in pH due to the fact they had low glycogen at slaughter so much substrate for lactic acid production
24h- pH still stays at high pH levels |
|
|
Term
pH decline in normal pork:
-1h
-6-8h
-24 h |
|
Definition
1-pH>6
6-8- pH of 5.6-5.7
24h- pH of 5.3-5.7 |
|
|
Term
| P1 Pale PSE pork pH after 1 hour and 24 hour |
|
Definition
1h-post-mortem see a rapid drop in pH(pH<6)
24h- range of 5.3-5.6(close to normal pork) |
|
|
Term
| P2 Pale PSE pork pH after 1, 6/8 and 24h |
|
Definition
1-pH>6
6/8-pH<5.5
24-very low pH of 5.2-5.4 |
|
|
Term
| 4 physiological adjustments the animal makes to adverse conditions(aka stressors) |
|
Definition
heart rate
respiration
body temperature
blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of carbohydrates maintenance of cell response and ion balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of circulation; break down of glycogen and lipids |
|
|
Term
| fxn of the thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
| stimulation of oxidative metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is more stressful: direct to the packer or auction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can cattle legally be on a truck for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does co-mingling affect stress? |
|
Definition
| no social hierarchy as they are "strangers", this often leads to re-establisment of hierarchy which leads to fighting which decreases glycogen |
|
|
Term
| How does stress affect circulation? |
|
Definition
| Increases circulation due to increased nutrient and oxygen demand needed for muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What happens if body doesn't regulate stress? |
|
Definition
| muscle shifts to anaerobic metabolism and can't regulate the temperature(leads to hyperthermia). If lactic acid builds up it can be used by the liver and heart but too much causes systemic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| What are stress resistent animals and what is their down side? |
|
Definition
| Can handle exposure to stress and maintain temp and homeostasis HOWEVER at the expense of muscle glycogen which is an issue if the animal is not aloud to rest before slaughter |
|
|
Term
| What is Porcine Stress Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| caused by the interaction of biological stressors(genetics) and an environmental factor(pre slaughter stress) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the autosomal recessive gene(of pigs) in the human form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What change is found in the body with malignant hypothermia? |
|
Definition
| a single nucleotide is replaced in Ca release channel protein of the SR causing excessive release of Ca for the SR, leading to continual stimulation of muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant alkaloid used to test for the PSS defect |
|
|
Term
| PSS pork can lead to what kind of meat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSS pigs have a sensitivity to? |
|
Definition
| Halothane(anesthetic)which increases body temp, lactate production, muscle regitiy,major disturbances in water and electrolytes and affects RED AND WHITE MUSCLE |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classes of PSS? |
|
Definition
NN-halthane resistant
Nn-carrier
nn-affected |
|
|
Term
| Circulatory failure in PSS pigs can arise due to? |
|
Definition
-vasoconstriction
-hypertension
-decreased cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased potassium levels in the blood in PSS pork in reaction to stress |
|
|
Term
| What type of pig breeds are more prone to PSS? |
|
Definition
| breeds associated with leaness ex pietrain, poland, china, landrace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is blast chilling now used in PSE pork? |
|
Definition
| to prevent muscle pH from dropping before heat dissipated protein denaturation can occur |
|
|
Term
| if the animal has a pH of ____ after the first hour its a good inicator of PSE pork |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is PSE pork mainly found? |
|
Definition
| in the longissimus or the loin |
|
|
Term
| What is the Rendement Napole gene? |
|
Definition
affects hampshires usually
causes high glycogen at slaughter leading to high lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| How does protein denaturation affect pigment? |
|
Definition
| loss of intensity-gives paleness to pigs who do NOT have much myoglobin to begin with |
|
|
Term
| give the relationship between water holding capacity and protein denaturation |
|
Definition
| lowers water holding capacity, making meat appear wet |
|
|
Term
| Does protein denatured pork hold brine well? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we get DFD from a PSS pork? |
|
Definition
| animal survives stress at cost of glycogen stores, leaving little to form lactate keeping a high pH |
|
|
Term
| Does DFD pork have a good water holding capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is water absorption? |
|
Definition
| the ability to bind water from external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to bind or hold own water |
|
|
Term
True or False
water holding capacity is influenced by pH |
|
Definition
| TRUE! as pH decreases WHC decreases |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the thick and thin filaments postmortem? |
|
Definition
| they move closer decreases the water space between myofilaments |
|
|
Term
| Where does water escape through and why? |
|
Definition
no energy for membranes to hold water
escapes through FASCICULI |
|
|
Term
| What does normal water loss contribute to in the muscle? |
|
Definition
| softness and easily separated muscle fibre bundles |
|
|
Term
| As WHC ____ drip loss ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fibers are most affected by DFD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does most rapid glycogen depletion take place? |
|
Definition
| in fast twitch or white muscle |
|
|
Term
| How much drip loss is there when there is max water holding ability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is DFD meat firm to the touch? |
|
Definition
| little protein denaturation in DFD meat |
|
|
Term
| Who has lower incidenses of DFD heifers or steers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are heifers given to prevent DFD beef? |
|
Definition
| MGA which stops from cycling, reducing the glycogen loss associated with estrus mounting behaviour and allowing more nutrients for gain |
|
|
Term
| what type of feed produces higher incidences of DFD beef? |
|
Definition
forage finished beef
grains have more available energy |
|
|
Term
| what is the major reason for DFD beef? |
|
Definition
| mixing of cattle-no hieracrchy |
|
|
Term
| colour of the meat is influenced by? |
|
Definition
| viewing conditions and individual vvariation on ability to detect colour as well as overall structure and texture of muscle |
|
|
Term
| Appearance of meat is associated with? |
|
Definition
| concentration and state of heme pigments |
|
|
Term
| ______ makes up 80-90% of total pigment in meat depending on how well the animal is bled out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does cytochrome oxidase aid in appearance of meat? |
|
Definition
| includes a heme unit in it's structure |
|
|
Term
| why do milk fed veal calves have low myoglobin? |
|
Definition
| milk has low iron content |
|
|
Term
| Why does myoglobin in muscle increase with age? |
|
Definition
| as animal ages myoglobin loses affinity to bind oxygen and therefore needs more myoglobin in the muscle to get enough oxygen supply |
|
|
Term
| What is myoglobin content like in intacts vs castrates or females? |
|
Definition
| intact males have more myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What colour is myoglobin? |
|
Definition
| purple in "fresh" cut meat referred to as deoxymyoglobin |
|
|
Term
| If the muscle is cut(between the 12th/13th rib) and allowed to bloom what will form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is oxymyoglobin stability based on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required before beef grading can occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of myoglobin is formed when there is small amounts of oxygen available? |
|
Definition
| metmyoglobin, ferrous oxidized to ferric |
|
|
Term
| Is metmyoglobin formation post mortem aging? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or false
nutrition of the meat is affected by change from oxymyoglobin to met |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can surface browning be reduced |
|
Definition
| keep meat near freezing to minimize enzyme activity and oxygen utilization |
|
|
Term
| What 3 compounds are lethal when bound to hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as pH ____ light scattering ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as sarcomere length ____ light scattering ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to light reflectance why is PSE meat pale? |
|
Definition
| large proportions of free water increase reflectance and decrease overall light absorption, increasing paleness |
|
|
Term
| in regards to light reflectance why is DFD meat dark? |
|
Definition
| DFD has a high WHC due to high concentrations of intracellular water, this leads to minimal light reflection and increased absorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant protein in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tendons
ligaments(bone-bone)
bones
cartilage
muscle
skin
blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| how does collagen help with muscle shape and form? |
|
Definition
| holds muscle fibers together(perimysium) and protects muscle fibers from being damaged from strong muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
| how does collagen aid in contractile force transmission? |
|
Definition
| when muscle contracts the contractile force is transmitted via CT sheaths to the tendon and then the bone |
|
|
Term
| Increased Connective tissue leads to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is collagen visible to the naked eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes the gristle in meat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Is connective tissue found in myofilaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the structural unit of collagen fibril that is synthesized in the fibroblasts from amino acids which are typically non-essential |
|
|
Term
| Collagen and elastin are ____ in double muscle animals? |
|
Definition
| decreased due to decreased fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| What allows tropocollagen to be more tightly packed? |
|
Definition
| glycine, allows to form triple helix |
|
|
Term
| How does hydroxyproline aid in collagen synthesis |
|
Definition
| only found in CT tissue and used to determine how much CT is in meat |
|
|
Term
| What is tropocollagen synthesized by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once synthesized by protofibrils what is the fate of tropocollagen? |
|
Definition
| aligned into a 1/4 stagger leading to unique striations, then assembled into fibrils which are bound to fibers |
|
|
Term
| How many forms of collagen are found in the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What colour is an individual collagen fiber? a sheath? |
|
Definition
| colourless, a sheath is white |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of fibrils in a fiber is dependent on? |
|
Definition
| load and stress factors for the collagne fiber |
|
|
Term
| How do intramolecular crosslinks affect collagen strength? |
|
Definition
| intramolecular crosslinks between PP strands whithin the tropocollagen muscle giving extra tensile strength(intermolecular does this as well) |
|
|
Term
| As intramolecular crosslink diameter _____ you _________ toughness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as you _____ interfibril noncovalent cross links with small diameter fibers you __________ toughness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in young animals rapid growth is seen therefore there are more soluble crosslinks then there are stable crosslinks |
|
|
Term
| What type of cross links are heatliable? |
|
Definition
| reducible/soluble crosslinks |
|
|
Term
| What are reducible crosslinks converted to in older animals? |
|
Definition
| pyridinoline, which forms non-reducable cross links which increase overall strenght-low solubility |
|
|
Term
| How is age assessment done? |
|
Definition
| by looking at how much cartilage has been changed to bone |
|
|
Term
| can diet effect crosslink stability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you increase collagen turnover(via diet) in cattle? |
|
Definition
| by feeding high energy diets |
|
|
Term
True or False
Feeding high grain diets to cattle increases collagen turnover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
there is more hydroxyl proline in pork than beef |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Toughness is correlated with collagen in peri, epi and endomysium |
|
Definition
| False, just with peri and endo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arteries-to maintain structural integrity with changes in blood flow
Abdominal wall
Ligamenta nuchae
Lungs
Skin
Small amounts in meat-varies depending on muscle function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acids
bases
heat
digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Elastin is made up of which amino acids? |
|
Definition
glycine
desmosine
hydroxyproline |
|
|
Term
| What aa is key in elastin formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by lysine which by the enzyme lyslyl oxidase and copper(co factor) is turned to desmosine |
|
|
Term
| How does copper deficiency lead to aortic rupture? |
|
Definition
| if copper is deficient desmosine cannot be formed and this affects structure of the aorta which can cause aortic rupture |
|
|
Term
| Where is the strongest cnnective tissue found? |
|
Definition
| the forelimb and the hindlimb |
|
|
Term
| cooking tough meat converts CT to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| smaller sarcomere leasds to ___ crosslinking which leads to ____ beef |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cooking with moisture(water) affect collagen? |
|
Definition
| hydrates and hydrolyses(breaks down) collagen changing it's solubility and converting it to gelatin |
|
|
Term
True or False
Type II collagen is more heat susceptible? |
|
Definition
False
Type I collagen is more heat susceptible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme used in cooking to denature proteins |
|
|
Term
True or False
Adipose is a connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marbling fat accounts for what % of tenderness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When adipose tissue is beneath the skin it is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When adipose tissue is found between the muscle it is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the muscle adipose tissue is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does adipose tissue originate from? |
|
Definition
| Mesoderm-which is one of the 3 primary germ lines that produce all tissue for the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary germ lines that produce all the tissues in the body? |
|
Definition
| ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| What hormones differnetiate adipose from other connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| insulin, thyroid hormone and IGF-1 |
|
|
Term
| Once a cell starts to store ____ it can no longer divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adipocytes mainly filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect do the lipid filled adipocyte have on the cellular organelles? |
|
Definition
| the nucleus, mitochondria, organelles and cytoplasm are all pushed to one side which results in low water content |
|
|
Term
| What is an adipose tissue depot? |
|
Definition
| an accumulation of adipocytes |
|
|
Term
| Do adipose have well developed capillaries ? |
|
Definition
| yes for depositing into fat depots and for mobilizing when fat is needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CT supporting the intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thin connective tissue sack filled with fat that covers the stomach and intestines |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of fat deposition? |
|
Definition
internal fat
subcutaneous and intermuscular
intramuscular-can be mobilized |
|
|
Term
| Who is leaner gilts or barrows |
|
Definition
| gilts are leaner than barrows |
|
|
Term
| what is cellular hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cellular hypertrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is marbling associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does IMF help in mastication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Juiciness is attributed to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What impacts meat flavour? |
|
Definition
| carbonyl compounds in adipose tissue and presence of specific fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| new borns, cold adapted animals and hibernating mammals |
|
|
Term
| What is brown fat used for? |
|
Definition
| temperature regulation as it acts as a site for heat production |
|
|
Term
| After chronic exposure to cold heat is produced without shivering how? |
|
Definition
thyroxine-increases BMR
Catecholamines-increase metabolism in all fats, especially brown |
|
|
Term
True or False
Brown fat produces heat and energy? |
|
Definition
false
it does NOT produce energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ketosis referred to as in ewes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the makeup of a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone |
|
|
Term
| What is the makeup of a triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone |
|
|
Term
| Where are triglycerides hydrolyzed? |
|
Definition
| pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the products of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis are absorbed? |
|
Definition
| they are resynthesized into a triglyceride, and is then packed with a protein and cholesterol to form chylomicron which are picked up by the lymphatic system and transported to the adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| Are tags absorbed by the adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when tags reach the adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
| hydrolyzed into free fatty acids and glycerol where the FFA enther the adipose and the glycerol enters the blood stream for metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the melting point of fat if fed UFSA? |
|
Definition
| the fat will have a lower melting point which is associated with runny pork which leads to decreased shelf life and odors |
|
|
Term
| What happens when ruminants consume UFSA? |
|
Definition
| they will be predominantly hydrogenated in the rumen resulting in mostly SFA depositing in the tissue |
|
|
Term
| Which produces higher UFSA concentration in ruminant tissue? |
|
Definition
| forages do compared to grain |
|
|
Term
True or False
Monogastrics can synthesize CLA |
|
Definition
| False, ruminants can. To increase CLA in monogastric meat they must be fed it |
|
|
Term
| How can you increase fat content in ruminant diets |
|
Definition
| You cover the fat with formaldehyde to prevent micro-organisms from attacking them allowing them to be digested by the animal in the intestines |
|
|
Term
| Is glucose a substrate in lipogenesis in ruminants |
|
Definition
| No, as they cannot absorb glucose well in the intestine, they use VFA instead |
|
|
Term
| Where does lipogensis occur in chickens? |
|
Definition
| the liver and not the adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase gain and feed efficiency
increase muscling and retail yield
decrease all fat deposition |
|
|
Term
| What type of implants are there? |
|
Definition
estrogen based
testosterone
combination |
|
|
Term
| What is organic containing matter? |
|
Definition
| carbon containing material that is mainly proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is inorganic matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic part of bone provides? |
|
Definition
| Resilience, toughness and flexibility |
|
|
Term
| ___% of the bone tissue is inorganic salts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inorganic part of bone provides? |
|
Definition
| hardness, rigidity and resistance to x-rays |
|
|
Term
| What does decalcification do to the bones? |
|
Definition
| by treating with acid you eliminate the rigidity of bone so it becomes flexible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protection, a lever for locomotion and mineral storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regions where diffusion takes place and allow cell to recieve nutrients and dispose of waste |
|
|
Term
| What is the cancellous bone? |
|
Definition
| central portion filled with bone spicules or trabeculae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have alot of pace between them which are occupied by bone marrow and blood vessels which pulls bone as muscle contracts and acts as a shock absorber |
|
|
Term
| Where is cancellous bone found? |
|
Definition
| in the extremities of long bones |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about red marrow? |
|
Definition
| found in young animals but converted to yellow with age except in cancellous bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heavy, dense and strong and found in shafts of long bone and the outside layer of all bones |
|
|
Term
True or False
Haversian canals contain blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of long bones? |
|
Definition
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphyseal plate
articular cartilage
endosteum
periostuem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make up the extremitie of the bone
made of both types of bone
provide lightness and strength
shock absorber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also called the shaft
lies between extremeties
contains marrow or medullary cavity
covered by compact bone
where bone increases during growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the Epiphyseal plate(physis) |
|
Definition
the growth plate
layer of hyaline cartilage between ends and shaft of long bone-->eventually converted to bone
where bone will increase in lenght |
|
|
Term
| what is articular cartilage |
|
Definition
| on the surface of compact bone where one bone will come in contact with another bone to form a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines all surfaces facing medullary cavity and contains osteoblasts and osteocrasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers all bones except for joint surfaces where articular cartilage is present |
|
|
Term
| What part of the bone increases shaft diameter and heals fractures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of marrow aids in blood formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bone marrow stores fat ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of osteoblasts? |
|
Definition
synthesizes bone
produces bone matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature bone cell
maintains bone matrix
can become osteoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large and motile
break down bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Long
Short
flat
sesamoid
irregular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the respiratory tract for the larynx, trachea and bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
|
Definition
in joint surface to provide smooth surface
reduces friction and wear/tear for bones |
|
|
Term
| where are elastic cartilage found? |
|
Definition
| inner ear, epiglottis and larynx |
|
|
Term
| where are fibro cartilage found? |
|
Definition
| inter-vertebral disks of spine, pelvic bones and knee joints |
|
|
Term
| Difference between bone and cartilage? |
|
Definition
| cartilage is softer, more flexible/resilient, can't regenerate as easily as bone can |
|
|
Term
| What can bone formation also be referred to as? |
|
Definition
| ossification or osteogenesis |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of bone formation? |
|
Definition
heteroplastic
endochondral
intramembranosus |
|
|
Term
| Where does heteroplatic bone formation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bone formation synthesizes membrane bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intramembranosus bone formation is used in the formation of? |
|
Definition
| flat bones of the skull, face, mandible,clavicle |
|
|
Term
| Which farm species contains a clavicle |
|
Definition
| bird BUT NOT PIGS OR BEEF |
|
|
Term
| Bone is formed on the _____ and removed from the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to bone mass when muscle mass decreases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of bone formation: |
|
Definition
shrink(atrophy)
increase in size(hypertrophy)
repair breaks
rearrange internal structure to deal with stresses and strain as bone subjected to movement |
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Term
| What hormone is responsible for increase release of Ca salts from the bones? how does it do this? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid glad senses low Ca, PTH increases release of Ca from bones by increasing osteoclasts, decreasing ostebolasts and increasing osteocytes |
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Term
| How does calcitonin prevent hypercalcemia? |
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Definition
| deposits excess Ca into bones |
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Term
| How to cells specialize into osteoblasts or cartilage? |
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Definition
no capillaries become cartilage
capillaries become osteoblasts |
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Term
| What happens to the right ovary in avians? |
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Definition
| lost at day 10 of incubation |
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Term
| when does the oviduct start to develop? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is the ovary activated? |
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Definition
| by light stimulating the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH |
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Term
| 11 days before first egg is layed what occurs? |
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Definition
| FSH released which causes ovarian follicles to grow in size, hormone synthesis occurs(estrogen, progesterone and testosterone), development of medullary bone for Ca supply for egg shell, |
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Term
| where are albumen proteins, shell membranes and the cuticle synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| how long does the yolk take to mature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Release of mature ovum is due to? |
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Definition
progesterone production in the ovary
LH hormone
ovulation of mature ovum
released into body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Components of the avian oviduct include? |
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Definition
infundibulum
magnum
isthmus
shell gland/uterus
vagina |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| to search for and engulf the yolk, it stays here for 15-18min |
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Term
| Where is the first layer of albumin formed? |
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Definition
| in the infundibulum, yolk is fertilized first |
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Term
| where is most of the albumen secreted? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the albumen function to do? |
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Definition
prevent invasion and growth of microbes to protect the embryo
contains protesase inhibitors and chelators
source of water, protein and minerals BUT NOT FAT |
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Term
| where are the inner and outer shell membrane formed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the name of the last albumen layer and where is it synthesized? |
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Definition
outer thin white
shell gland |
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Term
| where does calcification occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where does Ca in the shell come from? |
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Definition
| diet and medullary stores |
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Term
| how is the vagina separated from the shell gland? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the cuticle formed? |
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Definition
| 30 mins before oviposition |
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Term
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Definition
| # of consecutive days when eggs are being laid |
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Term
|
Definition
| time between clutches when eggs aren't laid |
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Term
| longer the clutch the ____ the pause |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when is sexual maturity in avains? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is egg production like for the first 2 weeks? |
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Definition
| erratic, having double yolks and poor quality shells |
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Term
| around what age does egg production decline? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. testis
2. Epididymis
3. Vas deferens
4. Papilla
5.Urodaeum or cloaca
6. Ureter |
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Term
| What sex glands do birds lack that mammals possess? |
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Definition
seminal vesicles
prostate
bubourethral glands |
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Term
| How are birds nasal and oral passages separated? |
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Definition
| via slit in roof of mouth |
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Term
| Do birds have a distinction between mouth and pharynx like other animals? |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False
Birds have larger number of taste buds |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the cloaca? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the size of a birds "vent" change with age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do birds excrete uric acid? |
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Definition
| less water loss than urea and is less toxic to the developing egg |
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Term
| compare mammalian trachea to avian? |
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Definition
mammalian C shaped
avian has complete rings |
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Term
| What muscle drives the value of the bird vs red meat? |
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Definition
bird-breast
meat-longissimus dorsi |
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Term
| How has the vertebral column adapted for flight in birds? |
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Definition
| shortened fused vertebral column in trunk, don't see this in mammals |
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