Term
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Definition
process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
(mitosis -> cytokinesis)
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Term
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Definition
| part of eukaryotic division during which the cell nucleus divides |
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Term
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Definition
| the events that occur as the cell grows and divides |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| what happens during interphase, prophase, metophase, anaphase, and telophase? (know the order) |
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Definition
-interphase
-prophase:chromatids develop
-metophase:the chromatids line up across the center of the cell
-anaphase:the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.
-telophase |
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Term
| What are the phases of interphase and what happens during each phase? |
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Definition
-G1:cell grows in size and complexity
-S:copies chromosomes
-G2:preparing for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached. |
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Term
| who was Gregor Mendal? What type of plants did he study? |
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Definition
- he was the "father" of genetics.
- pea plants
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Term
- what do the terms
- P1
- (filial) F1
- F2
generations mean? |
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Definition
- P1 = the original plant
- F1 = the offspring (hybrids)
- F2 = the offspring of F1
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Term
| What is the difference between self pollination and cross pollinations? |
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Definition
-self pollination is fertilization in the same plant
-cross pollination is fertilization from two plants |
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Term
| What's the difference of recessive and dominant alleles? |
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Definition
| the dominant trait will always be expressed over the recessive. |
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Term
| How are the principles of probability related to predicting the traits of an offspring produced by genetic crosses? |
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Definition
| predicting the traits of an offspring produced by genetic crosses |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of DNA that determine traits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diagram showing the gene combonations that might result from a genetic cross |
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Term
| What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross? |
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Definition
-monohybrid:only one trait is crossed
-dihybrid:two traits are crossed |
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Term
What is the
i. principle of dominance?
iii. Principle of Independent Assortment
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Definition
i. some alleles are dominant, some are recessive (dominant will always be expressed)
iii. alleles segregate independently of one another in the creation of gametes. |
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Term
| What is the difference between PHENOTYPE and GENOTYPE? |
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Definition
-phenotype: Physical characteristics (ex. Tall or short)
-Genotype: genetic makeup (ex. TT, Tt, tt) |
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Term
What is incomplete dominance?
Codominance? |
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Definition
-neither allele is dominant (heterozygous phenoype)
-both alleles contribute to the phenotype (ex. Blood type AB) |
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Term
| What is the difference between DIPLOID and HAPLOID?? |
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Definition
Diploid- 2 sets of homologous chromosomes (humans- 2n=46)
Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes (humans- n=23) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sex chromosomes of a human female? male? |
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Definition
-female 2x chromosomes
-male 1x and 1y chromosome |
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Term
| what letter is used to indicate the numberof chromosomes in a gamete? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| production of gametes/haploid cells |
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Term
| What is the product of MEIOSIS? |
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Definition
| 4 haploid cells (gametes) |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes exchange portions of chromatids |
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Term
| what is Independent Assortment? |
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Definition
| alleles segregate independently of another |
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Term
| What are Watson and Crick credited with? |
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Definition
| finding the shape of DNA (double helix) |
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Term
| Where is DNA located in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? |
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Definition
-eukaryotes:nucleus
-Prokaryotes:cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| process of duplicating DNA |
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Term
| What is meant by base pairing? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the sugars in DNA and RNA??? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA? RNA? |
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Definition
-DNA adenine; guanime; cytosine; and thymine
-RNA adinine; guanime; cytosine; and uracil |
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Term
| What is protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| the creation of proteins by cells that usess DNA,RNA,and various enzymes |
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Term
| What is the genetic code? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a codon? Anticodon?
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Definition
3 consecutive necleotides make 2 amino acid to be added to polypeptide
complementary codon of mRNA |
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Term
| What is the difference between transcription and translation? |
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Definition
-transcription:process that converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide.(nucleus)
-translation:process of coping a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA.(cytoplasm) |
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Term
| What happens in Translation? |
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Definition
| the decoding of the mRNA message to create a protein. |
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Term
| What type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| changes in genetic material |
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Term
| What are the types of gene mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did Darwin make many of his famous discoveries? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was significant about the finches that Darwin observed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was LaMarks theory of evolution? |
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Definition
-use and disuse (inherit acquired traits)
-1st scientist to believe that organisms change over time |
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Term
| Who was Wallace and how did his work influence Darwin? |
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Definition
-wallace sends darwin a short essay about his findings which is the same as Darwins.
-Made Darwin publish his book |
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Term
| What is artificial selection? |
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Definition
| The breeding of domesticated plants/ animals for human benefit. |
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Term
| what does Darwin's Theory of Evolution based on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What main idea is Darwin's theory of evolution based on? |
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Definition
| nateral seletion(acts on phenotypes) and heritable variation |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of an organsism to survive and reproduce in its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a modification in structure, form or function in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that helps an organism more suited for it's environment |
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Term
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Definition
| all genes, including alleles, found in a population. |
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Term
| What is Temporal isolation? |
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Definition
| Form of reproductive isolation in which 2 populations reproduce at different times |
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Term
| What is Geographical Isolation? |
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Definition
| Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are seperated physically by geographical barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water. |
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Term
| What is behavioral isolation? |
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Definition
| form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding. |
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Term
| What are two sources of genetic variation? |
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Definition
| mutations and gene shuffling (independent assortment and crossing over) |
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Term
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Definition
| science of classifying organisms. (taxons) |
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Term
| Why use a common classifying system? |
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Definition
| b/c there are numerous organisms and they are diverse |
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Term
| What is binomial nomenclature? |
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Definition
| classification system in which each species is asssigned a two-part scientific name. |
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Term
| What are derived characters? What tool is used to illusrate derived characters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 domains of living things? |
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Definition
Kingdom: large taxonomic group consisting of closely related phyla
Phylum: group of closely related classes
Class: group of similar orders.
Oder: group of similar families
Family: group of genera that share many characteristics
Genus: group of closely related species, and the first part of the scientific name in bionomial nomenclature
Species: group of similar organisms that breed and produce offspring |
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Term
| What is the difference between Gram negative and Gram positive stains? |
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Definition
Negative: violet
positive: pink/light red |
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Term
| What is the product of cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are chromosomal mutations? |
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Definition
4 types of chromosomal mutations
-deletion
-duplication
-inversion
-translocation |
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Term
| What are point mutations? |
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Definition
change in one or more nucleotides
-point mutations
deletion
insertion |
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Term
| What are the 3 domains of all living things? What are the characterists of the organisms that belong to each domain? |
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Definition
-two bacteria prokaryotes: no nucleus
-one eukaryotes: nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Recycle nutrients throughout an ecosystem
-bacteria are decompsers and nitrogen fixers
(rhizabiun, nodules on roots, and soybeans) |
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Term
| how are bacteria classified? |
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Definition
Bacteria diagram=eubacteria
peptidoglycan sugar found in cell wall |
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Term
| Distinguish between the bacteria shapes. |
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Definition
cocci: sphear shaped
bacilli: rod shaped
Spirilla: spiral shaped |
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Term
| What are the two components of all viruses? |
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Definition
protein coat and nucleic acid
(capsid and DNA/RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a lytic infection? |
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Definition
| makes more virus particles and causes the cell to burst |
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Term
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Definition
| particle made up of nucleic acid in a protein affects organsisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a sugar polymer, that is unique to eubacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an infectious disease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotes that are not members of kingdoms fungi, planae, or animalia |
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Term
| What is radical; bilateral; asymmetry? |
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Definition
-radical:any # of imaginary planes can be drawn theough the center dividing the body in equal halves
-bilateral:one one imaginary plane can be divided into two equal halves
-asymmetry:no symmetry |
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Term
| what are anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral? |
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Definition
-anterior:head
-posterior:tail
-dorsal:top
-ventral:bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| virus that infects bacteria |
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