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| Dr. Nehemiah Grew described his observations of ridge and pore structure. |
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| Govard Bidloo, A Dutch Anatomist published "Anatomy of the Human Body" Which Included detail pertaining to the skin and ridge structure |
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| Marcello Malpighi, Italian physiologist, published "Concerning the External Tactile Organs" First to use the microscope |
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| J.C.A. Mayer, a German doctor and anatomist, wrote "Anatomical Copper- plates with Appropriate Explanations" Mayer notes: "Although the arrangement of skin edges is never duplicated in two persons, nevertheless the similarities are closer among... |
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| Thomas Bewick, and English wood engraver and ornithologist (study of birds), published numerous books with wood engravings of birds and other animals. Three wood cutouts (1809, 1818, and 1826) including a finger mark |
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| Johannes Evangelist Purkinje, Professor at the University of Breslau in Germany, in his thesis "Commentary on the Physiological Examination of the Organs of Vision and the Cutameous System" First to classify fingerprints |
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| German anthropologist Hermann Welcker, University of Halle, studied friction ridge skin permanence by printing his own right hand in 1856 and again in 1897 |
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| William James Herschel - experimented with the idea of having a handprint by recorded as a signature by recording the handprint of Tajyadhar Konai, known to be undependable on contracts |
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| William Herschel was promoted to magistrate and given share of Nuddea, a rural subdivision in Bengal, India. During this times, Herschel noticed a great number of natives were received pensions from the government by impersonation. |
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| Herschel, in this capacity of Magistrate and Collector at Hoogly, near Calcutta, He was in charge of the criminal courts, the prisons. He prints himself again and shows permanace |
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| Herschel continued empirical studies of permanence by publishing prints taken of himself in 1859, 1877, and 1916 demonstrating permanence. |
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| Thomas Taylor, a microscopist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, gave a lecture concerning prints and their possible application solving crime. |
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| Dr. Henry Faulds became interested in friction ridge skin after seeing ridge detail on pottery found on the a Japanese beach |
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| Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin mentioning that friction ridges were unique and classifiable, and alluded to their permanence |
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| Faulds submitted an article for publication to the journal Nature discussing his finding. In this article, Faulds discusses fingerprint and suggests uses for personal identification and detection of criminals. Faulds provides two examples - (1) A greasy print on a drinking glass revealed who had been drinking distilled spirits and (2) sooty finger marks on a white wall |
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| Herschel responds to Fauld's letter stating he had been using fingerprints for twenty years first printing |
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| Alphonse Bertillon, a clerk at the Prefecture of Police in Paris, France began studying body measurements of various individuals and devised Anthropometry, which was first put to use in 1882 |
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| Francis Galton, cousin to Charles Darwin, became interested in anthropometric measurements |
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| Gilbert Thompson, U.S. Geological Survey, during an expedition to New Mexico used fingerprints to prevent forgery on his payment orders. This marks the first use of fingerprints to safeguard a commercial transaction. (Using his own fingerprint) |
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| Dr. Aurthus Kollmann of Hamburg, Germany published "The Tactile Apparatus of the Hand of the Human Races and Apes in Its Development and Structure" which added to the research being conducted on friction ridge skin. |
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| Francis Galton was asked to give a lecture at the Royal Institution on Bertillon's System |
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| Juan Vucetich, a statistician with the Central Police Department in La Plata, Argentina began studies of fingerprints through Galton's research. |
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| Juan Vucetich is appointed head of the Anthropometric Bureau of Provincial Police of Buenos Aires in La Plata, Argentina. |
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| In Buenos Aires, Argentina, a murder case (Rojas murders) was solved using fingerprints by Inspector
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| Francis Galton, after studying Herschel's research, published the first text book on fingerprints entitled "Finger Prints" |
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| Edward Richard Henry, Herschel's successor in India, becomes slightly interested in fingerprints. |
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| The Troup Committee is established in Bengal, India. Named for its Chairman, Charles Edward Troup, the Committee is established to "inquire into the best means available for identifying habitual criminals". |
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| Aphonese Bertillion published a second book on Anthropometry system and criticizes the fingerprint system stating "These designs do not present in themselves elements of variability sufficiently trenchant to serve as a basis ... |
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| Edward Richard Henry, Inspector General of Police for the Lower Provinces, Bengal, India, visits Francis Galton and is encouraged to take a greater interest in fingerprints. |
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| Edward Richard Henry collaborates with Galton on a method of classification for fingerprints ( The Henry Classification System) |
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| David Hepburn, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, published "The Papillary Ridges on the hands and Feet of Monkeys and Hem". This paper dealt with the evolution of the volar pads and named two of the volar pads |
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| The international association |
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| Harris Hawthorne Wilder, Professor of zoology at Smith College |
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| The Henry Classification System is completed and Henry wrote to the government of India asked for comparative review and anthropometry and fingerprint |
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| Strahan and Pedler sent their reports to the government of India stating "In conclusion, we are of their opinion that the method of identification by means of fingerprints, as worked on the system of recording impression and of classifications used in Bengal, may be safely adopted as being superior to the anthropometrics method |
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| Edward Richard Henry presented a paper at the British Association for Advancement of Science outlining the fingerprint system in use in India (under his leadership) |
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| Edward Richard Henry published his book "Classification and Uses of Fingerprints" |
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| The Belper Committee in England, chaired by Lord Belper, recommended that all criminal identification records be classified by the fingerprint system. With the recommendation, the Henry Classification System and use of |
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| Edward Richard Henry is appointed Assistant Commissioner of Police in charge of Criminal identification at New Scotland Yard. |
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| The first trail in England which relied on fingerprint evidence involved Inspector Charles Stockley Collins of Scotland Yard. This case marked the beginning of fingerprint evidence in the courts of England |
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| Alfphonse Bertillon (ironically) responsible for solvig the first musrdedr in Europe using fingerprints (Paris, France). This case was the murder case of Joseph Reibel. Ultimately, Henri Leon Scheffer Wwas convicted based on fingerprint evidence. |
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| Dr. Henry P. DeForest, Chief Medical Examiner, New York Civil Service Commission began fingerprinting all civil service applicants to prevent imposters from taking test for otherwise unqualified people. This marked the first systematic use of fingerprint in the U.S. for personal identification. This comes just after he studied the Henry System in New Scotland Yard as a member of the U.S. Civil Service. |
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| Captain James K. Parke initiated the first systematic use of fingerprints for criminal identification purposes in the New York States Department of Prisons at Albany, New York. |
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| Will and William West case at the U.S. Penitentiary in Leaven worth, Kansas where both inmates had the same anthropometric measurements and very similar photographs. |
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| At the Worlds Fair, John Kenneth Ferrier of New Scotland Yard, was sent to guard the Crown's Jewels of the British Empire which were loaned for exhibition. During the fair, three booths were set up demonstrating identification methods. One demonstrated anthropometric measurements and two demonstrated fingerprints (Caption James Park and Inspector John Kenneth Derrier). |
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| The Federal Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas was granted permission to adopt the system of fingerprint. Inspector Ferrier and Major M.W. McClughry began fingerprinting all inmates at the prison. |
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| Juan Vucetich eliminated the method of anthropometry in Argentina. |
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| Inez Whipple published the paper "The Ventral Surface of the Mammalian Chiridium". This research by Whipple marked an important part of the modern scientific knowledge on the subject. |
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| The Deptford Murders was the first case which resulted in the death penalty in England for the suspects based on fingerprint evidence. The judge was cautios, |
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| Army adopts use of fingerprints |
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| Attorney General Charles Bonaparte |
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| Frederick Brayley publishes "Fingerprint, Their Identification and Uses" which is considered to the first American textbook on fingerprints. |
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| People v. Jennings - the first American appellate case regarding the admissibility of fingerprint evidence. Upon appeal, the state supreme court upheld the findings. Four fingerprint experts testified to the findings. |
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| Edward Richard Henrys acknowledges the efforts of |
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| Edmond Locard published "The Legal Evidence by the Fingerprints". |
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| The International Association for Criminal Identification formed in California after inspector Harry H. Caldwell of the Oakland, California Police Department Bureau of Identification organized a meeting of Criminal |
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| Dr. Lespinose employed the sole-print method on newborn babies at the Maternity Hospital of Chicago. |
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| The Institute of Applied Science became the first school especially organized for teaching fingerprinting to the law enforcement profession. |
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| Herschel acknowledges the difference between his and Fauld's intended use of fingerprints during their discussion in 1880 givig credit to Faulds as the first to suggest the use of fingerprints for the detection of criminal from prints left at crime scene. Was actually Taylor |
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| Harris Hawthorne Wilder and Bert Wentworthe (Police Commissioner of Dover, New Hampshire) collaborated and published "Personal identification: Methods for the Identification of Individuals, Living or Dead" which exemplified how the fields of science and law
.. |
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| States v. Kuhl - Nevada Supreme Court upholds admissibility of evidence of identification from a partial palm print. |
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| Dr. Harold Cummins became interested in fingerprints from a medical perspective when the lab at Tulane University in New Orleans received a body of an adult male with an extra big toe on each foot. |
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| The fingerprint records at the Federal Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas are combined with the files of the National bureau of Criminal Identification File |
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| U.S. vs Kelly 2nd Circuit court of appeals in New York rules that: |
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| Commonwealth v. Bartolini - Masschussettes Supreme Court upholds admissibility of evidence of identity from the naked foot of an individual |
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| Supreme Court of Washington State upheld the decision of the Superior Court of King County on the conviction of a habitual offender. The sase decision made it possible to convict a habitual offender using certified copies of fingerprint as proof of identity as opposed to requiring officials from other location to testify to prior convictions
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| The first united States disaster in which fingerprints played a more role in victim identification was the USS Squalus which sank on May 23, 1939. James Herbert Taylor, |
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| Grice v. State - Texas Supreme Court rules that fingerprint evidence, when standing alone is sufficient to uphold a conviction. Also, the court ruled that a partial fingerprint is sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction |
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| The FBI participated in disaster victim identification for the first time when a Pan Am Central Airliner crashed in Lovettsville, Virginia with an FBI agent and FBI stenographer on board |
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| Dr. Harold Cummins, Tulane University, published the book "Fingerprint, Palms, and Soles - An Introduction to Dermatogypics" Co authored by Charles Midlo |
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| Dr. Alfred Hale, continuing Dr. Cummin's research, publishes his theses "Morphogenesis of the Volar Skin in the Human Fetus". |
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| Dalil Jumar Chatterjee of Calcutta, India, published the book "Finger, Palm, and Sole Prints". |
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| Salil K. Shatterjee describes the theory of Edgeoscopy and how it can supplement fingerprint individualization. |
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| Penrose published "Medical Significance of Fingerprints and Related Phenomenon" |
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| Mulvihill and Smith published "The Genesis of Dermatoglyphics" |
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| IAI passes resolution stating there is no need to require a specific number of characteristics to make an identification |
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| Dr. William Babler published "Early Prenatal Attainment of Adult Metacarpal - Phalangeal Rankings and Proportions". This discusses the development of the human hand. |
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| Dr. Michio Okajima of Japan published the paper "Dermal and Epider |
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| Dr. William Babler published "The Prenatal |
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| International Symposium of Fingerprint Detection and Identification, the NeUrim Israeli Declaration states "No scientific basis exists for requiring that a pre-determined minimum number of friction ridge features must be resent in two impression in order to establish a positive identification". |
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| CTS Test 20% made an erroneous identification. |
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| The Scottish Criminal Records Office (SCRO) wrongfully identified Scottish Police Detective Shirley McKie as having left her thumbprint on the bathroom door frame of a murder case.. |
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| FBI IAFIS Launched (July 28) |
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| United States v. Byron Mitchell: First legal challenged to the science of latent print examination under Daubert |
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| Consortium of Forensic Sciences established |
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| Kasey Wertheim and Alice Maceo published "Friction Ridge and Pattern Formation During the Critical Stage." |
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| The FBI erroneously identified Brandon Mayfield as responsible for the Madrid bombing incident. |
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| The U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector |
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| The National Academies of Science (NAS) Committee on Identifying the Needs of |
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| The International Association for Identification passed Resolution 2010-18 allowing the use of ma. |
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