Distinctive metal marker once produced by insurance companies for identifying their policyholders buildings.

Joint consideration of the life and physical well being of individuals, both civilians and firefighters.

Activities involved in responding to the scene of an incident and performing assigned duties in order to mitigate the emergency.

Self contained breathing apparatus

National Fire Protection Association

The Fire Fighter Occupational Safety and Health Program. These are Standards not laws. First Standards to directly effect FF safety.

Involves flammable and combustible liquids and gasses such as gasoline, oil, paint, alcohol. Fires involving burning gasses, are most easily extinguished by shutting off the source. Burning liquid fuels are extinguished by a proper application of foam or dry chemical agents.

Aqueous film forming foam

Standard for Portable Fire Extinguisher

Standard for Autommotive Fire Apparatus

Combustibles metals

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes the materials and produces heat, flames, and toxic smoke.

Chemical reaction in which a substance absorbs heat energy.

An exothermic chemical reaction that is a self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel, that produces heat and light.

A change that occurs when a substance remains chemically the same but changes in size, shape or appearance. Example: Water freezing or boiling.

A reaction that occurs when a substance changes from one type of matter to another.

Oxygen, heat, fuel, a self sustained chemical chain reaction. Each element must be in place for flaming combustion to occur.

Kinetic energy associated with the moving atoms and molecules within atom and is the actual energy component of the Fire Tetrahedron

Measurement of Kinetic energy, or energy being released.

is the capacity to perform work.

is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.

Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work.

Chemical decomposition of a substance through the application of heat in solid fuels.

occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source with sufficient heat energy to start combustion reaction.

Occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors.

Is the temperature to which the surface of a substance must be heated for ignition and self-sustained combustion to occur spontaneously. This temperature is always higher than the Piloted Ignition Temperature.

Most common source of heat energy in combustion reactions. Caused by combination of Oxygen and combustible materials causing Oxidation.

Oxidation releases heat energy, usually dissipates to the environment faster than it is released. If it is accelerated by sunshine or an insulator the fuel can reach auto ignition temperatures.

Resistance Heating, Over-current/overload , Arcing, Sparking

High temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charred insulation.

Electric arc occurs, luminous particles can be formed and spatter away from the point of arcing.

Heat development caused by 2 surfaces moving against one another. Friction heat or Compression Heat.

Transfer of heat within a body to another body by direct contact. Heat flow between solids.

Transfer of heat from a fluid or gaseous substance to a solid.

Transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave with out an intervening medium. Light, X-ray, Infrared Thermal Waves

Materials that absorb heat but do not actively participate in the combustion process.

The substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. Also known as the reducing agent.

Ability for a liquid fuel to be converted to a gaseous fuel. Must overcome ambient atmospheric pressure.

Temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite, but NOT sustain, combustion. Liquid vapor is ready to burn but requires piloted ignition continuously to remain burning.

Temperature at which sufficient vapors are being generated to sustain the combustion process.

Describes the extent to which a substance will mix with water.

Materials that react with fuels to support the combustion reaction. Non-Combustible.

Lowest concentration of oxygen and fuel vapors required to cause risk of ignition and explosion.

Up most concentration of oxygen and fuel vapors required to cause risk of ignition and explosion.

Range between the UEL and LEL in which a substance can be ignited.

Colorless, Odorless, Dangerous gas being both toxic and flammable. Formed by incomplete combustion of carbon. Combines 200 times more quickly with hemoglobin as oxygen thus decreasing the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

Producted in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen. Acts as a chemical asphyxiant by preventing the body from using oxygen at a cellular level.

Involved combustible metals, such as aluminum, Magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, zirconium. Note that air born metal dusts can cause violent explosions. Extinguishment requires separation, isolation, and individual treatment of specific substance according to MSDS.

Involves burning oils and greases normally found in commercial kitchens and food preparation facilities using deep fryers. Require specifically formulated agent for extinguishment.

Process of turning fats and oils into a soapy foam that extinguishes the fire.

Sufficient oxygen is available, fire development is regulated and controlled by the characteristics and configuration of the fuels.

Fire grows in size to where the amount of oxygen available to support further fire development is depleted.

Fire stage of the burning process in a confined space in which the substance being oxidized is producing some heat, but the heat has not spread to the other substances nearby. During this phase, oxygen content of the air has not been significantly reduced.

The early stage of a fire during which fuel and oxygen are virtually unlimited. This phase is characterized by a rapidly increasing release of heat.

Gasses form into layers, according to temperature, with the hottest gasses found at the ceiling and the coolest gases at the floor.

Pockets of flames observed moving through the hot gas layers above the neutral plane. Indication that gasses are within their flammable range and that there is significant temperature to support ignition. Indicator of developing flash over conditions!!!!

Unburned gases collect at the ceiling in the thermal layer. The layer is oxygen deprived, but materials are within their flammable range. As pressure increases, it pushes gasses to unaffected areas, where they mix with oxygen. This will cause flames to roll across the ceiling. Precursor to Flashover, Big Warning Sign of fire conditions.

Stage of a fire at which all surfaces and objects within a space have been heated to their ignition temperature and flame breaks out almost at once over the surface of all objects in the space.
"When Temperature in room results in the simultaneous ignition of all the combustible contents in the space"

Stage of burning process where energy release is at maximum rate and is limited onl by availability of fuel and oxygen

Instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space. The stalled combustion resumes with explosive force. It may occur because of inadequate or improper ventilation procedures.

1.) Fuel Type 2.) Availability and location of additional fuel in relation to fire location 3.) Compartment Geometry 4.) Ventilation and Changes in Ventilation 5.) Thermal Properties 6.) Ambient Conditions (Wind, Temperature, Humidity)