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Definition
| where two branches meet (often represented by a dot), representing a common ancestor. When lineages split and one ancestral lineage divides into two or more derived lineages |
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Definition
| Represents populations through time. A population that led to a breaking off of more than one branch (line between two nodes) |
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| The most recent (derived) brances. last species on the trees, most recent |
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| a node with more than two branches/derived lineages |
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Definition
- The inclusive group that includes all descendent coming from a certain common ancestor.
- Each node represents a clade (as logn as it splits into two or more) because every node represents a common ancestor.
- A clade is ALWAYS monophyletic.
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Definition
Included are all of the species sharing a common ancestor, all species dervided from that common ancestor are included.
- A monophyletic group occurs at each node b/c it represents a common ancestor.
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| A group compromised of an ancestor and some of its descendents. Where all the species share a common ancestor but not all species derived from teh common ancestor are included. |
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| Included are species that do not share an immediate common ancestor and other members that would link the species are excluded. |
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Definition
The traits or features used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships.
- Can be any trait that varies among the species and offers information about the relationship of those species.
- Types of characters: morphological traits (e.g. color, shape), biochemical traits (e.g. DNA sequences), behavioral trates (e.g. mating displays, frequencies of vocalization)
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Similarity that resutls from inheritance of a character from a common ancestor.
(Not all species that looked simillar, homologous, are closely related/have common ancstors) |
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Definition
| an ancesteral character state (one present in an ancestor) |
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Definition
| A derived character state found in only one taxon (present in one or more descendent) |
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| A shared ancesteral character state shared by two or more lineages in a particular clade. |
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Definition
A shared dervied character state found in two or more lineages in a particular clade.
- Are good evidence of relatinships b/c they define monophyletic groups.
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Definition
Similarites that are a result of independent origin rather than common ancestry.
- Can be caused by: evolutionary reversals or convergent evolution
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Definition
| A character similarity to a distantly related taxa resulting from reversal to an original state (i.e. often due to genetics). A cause of homoplasy. |
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Definition
| Character similarity resulting from independent responses to a similar enviornment. A casue of homplasy. |
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Term
| general characteristics of bacteria and archae |
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Definition
- Prokaryotes
- DNA is not contained within a membrane bound nucleus.
- No mitosis, only binary fission.
- Lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
- There is a cell wall.
- Unicelllar, filamentous chains of cells, or colonial.
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Term
| Development of Eukaryotics Cells from Prokaryotes |
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Definition
| The nucleus and endomembrane system evolved from infoldigns fo the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. |
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Term
| Development of Mitochondria in Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Mitochondria thought to have originated from an early prokaryote engulfing a alpha-proteobacteria. |
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Term
| Development of Chloroplasts in Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Chloroplasts are thought ot have originated wthen larger eukaryotes ingested cyanobacteria and failed to digest them, resulting in a chlorplast and a symbiotic relationship. |
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Definition
| The horizontal transfer of genes between two or more individuals. One of the individuals extends a pilus between the indviduals undergoing conjugation. The plasmid of the donor is nicked and a single strand of DNA is transferred to the recepient cell. Both cells syntheize a complimentary strand to produce a double-strandid circular plasmid. |
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Definition
| Horizontal transer of genes mediated by a phage (virus). Phage attacks bacterium & inserts DNA. DNA gets incorporated into the host's genome. |
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Definition
| A form of horizontal gene transfer in which a cell is damaged and leadks its DNA into the environment. Then recepeint cells directly uptake and incorporate the genetic material through the cell membrane |
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Definition
- Anaerobic
- Chemoheterotrophic
- Helical shaped (mostly) with axial filaments
- Gram-negative
- Swim by corkscrew motion
- Many live in humans as parasites while a few are cause diseases (pathogenic) such as Syphilis and Lyme disease.
- Make a biofilm
- Can also be free livign in mude or water.
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Term
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Definition
- Gram-negative
- cocci
- Chemoheterotroph
- Unique among bacteria b/c of their complex life-cycle involving elementary bodies and reticulate bodies.
- Can only survive as parasites int eh cells of other organisms
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Term
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Definition
- First organisms to have chloroplasts
- Oxygenic photoautotrophs
- Extensive internal membranes
- Release oxygen during photosystenthesis. Oxygen produced by early cyanobacteria permitted the evolution of aerobic respiration and the appearance of present-day eukaryotes.
- Many species "fix" nitrogen. These species lose photosystem II b/c nitrogenase is sensative to O2
- Some believe that the eukaryotes developed mitochondira by engulfing cyanobacteria.
- E.g. Anabaena form filamentous colongs containing three cell types: heterocysts, vegetative ells, adn spores
- Used to be called blue-green algae
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Term
| Proteobacteria (bacteria) |
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Definition
- Evidence support the theory that the mitochondria of eukaryotes were originally derived through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria.
- Largest group of bacteria in terms of number of described species
- Metabolically diverse: aerobes, anearobes, heterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, nitrogen fixers, etc)
- The metabolic diversity is paraphyletic.
- Includes E. Coli, Rhizobium, and chondromyces
- E.g. purple bacteria, which don't produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis
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Term
| Ways in which Archae differ from Bacteria |
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Definition
- Most live in extreme environments, thermophiles (high temperatures), halophiles (very salty), oxygen concetnrations, or pH environments.
- Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
- Distinctive lipids in cell membranes, long fatty acides bonded to glycerol via an esther linkage.
- Lipid monolayer (they have lipid bilayers as well)
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Term
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Definition
- A type of archae that produce methane as a byproduct of anoxic environmetns
- Chemoautotrhophs
- Obligate anaerobes
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Term
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Definition
- Types of organisms that thrive in environemtns with very high salt concentrations.
- These organisms contain carotenoid pigments called bacteriorhodopisin in the purple membrane. It acts as aproton pump, it captures light energy and creates a proton gradient to convert it into chemical energy.
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Term
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Definition
- Mostly photoautotrophs
- E.g. brown algae
- Alveolates
- Ciliates
- Covered with cilia
- Live in aquatic environments
- Contain two types of nuclei:
- A single large (macro) one which does cellular activities
- Several smaller (micro) nuclei hat do genetic recombination
- Unnamed Taxon
- Apicomplexans
- Intracellular parasits
- Have an apical complex of proteins for penetration of host cells
- Cause of malaria
- Dinoflagellates
- Two flagella, one equatorial and one posterior
- External plates of cellulose
- Photoautorophs
- Obtained chloroplast through tertiary endosymbiosis
- Stemnopiles - algae
- Brown Algae
- Diatoms
- type of algae
- almsot all are marine
- >40% of plankton
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Term
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Definition
Unnamed Group (reduced/lacking mitochondria)
Diplomonads
- Most common intestinal parasite in U.S.
Parabaslids
- Anaerobic
- Good/bad symbionts
Unnamed Group (Mitochondria with disc-shaped Cristae)
Euglenids
- Photoautotrophs/chemoheterotrophs
- Primarily freshwater
Kinetoplastids
- Free living or pathogenic
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Term
| Rhizaria (thin filiform pseudopods) |
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Definition
- Foraminiferans
- Secrete a calcareous test (like a shell)
- Extend a pseudopodial net
- Mostly in benthic water
- Radiolarians
- Secrete internal silica test
- Radially symmetric
- Abundant zooplankton
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Definition
- Opisthokonts - include animals and fungus
- Amoebozoans
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Definition
| An idea that gradual change in a species leads to an eventual "replacement" by a new novel form. |
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Definition
| When morphological change ocurs relatively rapidly, association with splitting between lineages (speciation) |
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