Term
Define the following: Saturated Fatty Acids |
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Definition
Solid animal fats Harder to excrete and easier to store NO Double Bonds |
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Term
Define the following: Mono- or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
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Definition
Primary fat in plants and fish Oils More easily excreted One or More Double Bonds |
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Term
Define the following: Prostaglandins |
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Definition
Polyunsaturated fatty acids that regulate renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation |
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Term
Define the following: Trans fatty acids |
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Definition
Man-made chemically-induced fats from the conversion of oils to solids. Structurally more closely related to saturated fats. NOT Natural |
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Term
What does Prostaglandins regulate? |
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Definition
renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation |
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Term
What type of fatty acid is Margarine an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
Are lipids soluble in water? |
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Definition
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Term
Are Lipids organic or inorganic? |
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Definition
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Term
What are most lipids transported in plasma by? |
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Definition
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Term
Lipids are what type of precursors? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 2 locations of Lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Provide cellular energy via production of acetyl CoA Building blocks of other lipids |
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Term
3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol Water Insoluble Insulator/Cushion |
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Definition
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Term
What is the main source of Triglycerides? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of specimen is required for Triglycerides? |
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Definition
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Term
What hydrolyzes Tg into FFA and glycerol so it can be taken up by cells for energy? |
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Definition
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Term
Excess FFA are re-formed into what as storage fat? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False: Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy |
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Definition
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Term
What are 3 times when Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy |
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Definition
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Term
Unsaturated Steroid Alcohol 'Esterified' |
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Definition
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Term
Exogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
Endogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the Vitamin D and Steroid Hormone Precursor? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is Cholesterol converted to bile acids to aid in fat absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
What organ is the main route of cholesterol removal? |
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Definition
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Term
Can you find Cholesterol in cell membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
Is Cholesterol a GOOD source of energy fuel? |
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Definition
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Term
What contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups? |
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Definition
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Term
Name 3 phospholipid lung surfactants |
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Definition
Lecithin Sphingomyelin Phosphatidylglyercol |
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Term
What contains sugar + lipid (ceramide) |
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Definition
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Term
What makes up the cell membranes of the brain and CNS |
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Definition
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Term
True or False: Glycolipids serve a role in blood typing |
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Definition
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Term
What does the following stand for: VLDL |
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Definition
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Term
What does the following stand for: LDL |
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Definition
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Term
What does the following stand for: HDL |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What does VLDL transport to cells for energy or storage? |
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Definition
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Term
VLDL is stimulated by what? |
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Definition
Intake of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
VLDL remnant after Tg has been deposited |
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Term
What does LDL transport to tissues for cell membranes and hormone synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
Excess cholesterol is absorbed by macrophages in vessels, this leads to what? |
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Definition
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Term
What can/do plaques lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
Where are HDLs mostly made? |
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Definition
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Term
HDL contains a higher percentage of what? |
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Definition
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Term
What does HDL transport from tissues to liver for disposal as bile acids? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False: High levels of Lp(a) may be genetically controlled |
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Definition
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Term
What does Lp(a) interfere with? |
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Definition
Normal plasminogen function |
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Term
The presence of Lipoprotein a may promote what? |
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Definition
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Term
What does Lipoprotein a have a Strong correlation with? |
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Definition
Family history of heart disease/stroke at an Early Age |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Protein/Phospholipid sphere with lipid in teh core |
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Term
What is the function of Lipoproteins? |
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Definition
Transport lipids through the bloodstream |
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Term
What are 4 types of Lipoproteins? |
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Definition
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Term
Chylomicrons are made where in response to fatty foods? |
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Definition
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Term
Chylomicrons carry what to adipose tissue for storage? |
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Definition
Exogenous lipids Mainly Tg |
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Term
Chylomicrons carry exogenous lipids to where organs for energy? |
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Definition
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Term
It takes how many hours after a meal to clear the bloodstream of Chylomicrons? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the main cause of lipemia? |
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Definition
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Term
What will a non-fasting specimen of Chylomicrons show? |
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Definition
Creamy layer on the top of the serum after refrigeration |
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Term
Desirable range of Tg (fasting) |
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Definition
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Term
Desirable range of Total Cholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
Desirable range of HDL Cholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
Desirable range of LDL Cholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
3 Causes of Dyslipidemias |
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Definition
Genetic/familial Lifestyle Secondary to other diseases |
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Term
What is the formula used to calculate VLDL? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the formula used to calculate LDL? |
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Definition
Total cholesterol - HDL - VLDL |
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Term
What amount of Triglycerides will make the Friedewald calculation invalid? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of method is used to measure HDL? |
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Definition
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Term
For measuring HDL what type of enzymes block non-HDL lipoproteins? |
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Definition
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Term
A second reagent is used in the homogeneous method for measuring HDL to do what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thickening or hardening of vessels; loss of elasticity |
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Term
What is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States of America? |
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Definition
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Term
What does Increased Cholesterol lead to? |
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Definition
Foam cells --> Fatty streaks --> Plaques -->Thrombosis / Blockage |
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Term
Arteriosclerosis - Brain = CVD = ? |
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Definition
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Term
Arteriosclerosis - Arms, legs = |
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Definition
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Term
Arteriosclerosis - Heart = CAD or _______ = angina and MI |
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Definition
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Term
Arteriosclerosis - Cholesterol Increases, what happens to LDL and HDL? |
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Definition
LDL Increases HDL Decreases |
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Term
What is the treatment for Arteriosclerosis? |
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Definition
Statins and bile acid sequestrants |
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Term
What are the 2 Consequences of Chronically High Lipids? |
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Definition
Arteriosclerosis Gallstones |
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Term
What is the most common type of gallstone? |
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Definition
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Term
Why are gallstones formed? |
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Definition
Bile contains more cholesterol than can be kept in solution. It then precipitates. |
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Term
Which sex tends to have more gallstones? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 2 factors that can increase the risk of gallstones? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 7 conditions that are associated with Dyslipidemia? |
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Definition
Type 2 Diabetes Nephrotic syndrome Familial Hypercholesterolemia Familial Hypertriglyceridemia Alcoholism Tangier's Disease Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X |
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Term
What is deficient in Type 2 Diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
What is increased in Type 2 Diabetes? |
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Definition
Triglycerides Total Cholesterol |
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Term
What does the LDL Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes cause? |
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Definition
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Term
What does hyperglycemia cause? |
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Definition
Increased fat production in liver = Increased Tg in blood |
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Term
What does insulin resistance cause? |
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Definition
Increased mobilized FFA = Increased Acetyl CoA = Increased Cholesterol |
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Term
What is Nephrotic Syndrome caused by? |
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Definition
Loss of glomerular function |
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Term
What decreases in Nephrotic Syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
What 2 substances increase in Nephrotic Syndrome? |
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Definition
Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol |
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Term
What can typically be seen with Nephrotic Syndrome? |
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Definition
Proteinuria OFB Free fat globules Fatty casts Cholesterol Crystals |
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Term
With Familial Hypercholesterolemia which type is rare? |
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Definition
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Term
With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to? |
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Definition
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Term
With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to? |
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Definition
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Term
With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart attacks as early as what age? |
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Definition
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Term
With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart disease in what age range? |
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Definition
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Term
What does Familial Hypercholesterolemia lack? |
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Definition
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Term
Does LDL accumulate in the blood in Familial Hypercholesterolemia? |
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Definition
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Term
What increases in Familial Hypercholesterolemia? |
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Definition
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Term
Is Familial Hypercholesterolemia associated with obesity? |
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Definition
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Term
Xanthomas and Arcus are associated with which condition? |
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Definition
Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
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Term
What causes (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia? |
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Definition
Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of VLDL |
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Term
(Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia is an Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of what? |
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Definition
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Term
What is (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia deficient in? |
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Definition
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Term
What will patients with (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia have even after fasting? |
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Definition
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Term
What can (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia cause? |
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Definition
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Term
What can poor diet habits lead to? |
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Definition
Increased Fatty acid synthesis for cellular energy |
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Term
Alcohol interferes with with LPL, so what 2 substances accumulate in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
___% of cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcoholism |
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Definition
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Term
GGT, AST/ALT are associated with which condtion associated with dyslipidemia? |
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Definition
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Term
Cirrhosis and beta-gama briding are associated with which condition? |
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Definition
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Term
What is absent in Tangier's Disease? |
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Definition
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Term
Tangier's Disease puts its patients at what type of risk? |
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Definition
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Term
Enlarged discolored tonsils and spleen are associated with which condition? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 3 other causes associated with dyslipidemia? |
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Definition
Smoking Hypertension Menopause |
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Term
Patients are at risk for Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X if they have 3 or more of what? |
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Definition
Large waistline Higher triglyceride Lower HDL Higher BP Higher Fasting Glucose Sedentary lifestyle |
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Term
What 3 things could be higher for Patients of Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X |
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Definition
BP Fasting Glucose Triglyceride |
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Term
Most cholesterol exists as what? |
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Definition
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Term
Enzymatic methods separate cholesterol from what? |
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Definition
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Term
What interferes with the lab analysis for Total Cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
When analyzing Triglycerides in the lab which enzyme starts the reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of specimens are preferred to avoid false elevations from dietary Triglycerides? |
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Definition
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Term
What will cause a false elevation of Triglycerides? |
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Definition
Free glycerol (endogenous) |
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Term
When testing Triglycerides what type of "blank" should you use to overcome a potential false elevation? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Presence of excess fat in feces |
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