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Flash Cards based on the Exam 2 Review - Lipids
Exam 2 Review - Lipids
130
Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
02/11/2015

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Cards

Term
Define the following:
Saturated Fatty Acids
Definition
Solid animal fats
Harder to excrete and easier to store
NO Double Bonds
Term
Define the following:
Mono- or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Definition
Primary fat in plants and fish
Oils
More easily excreted
One or More Double Bonds
Term
Define the following:
Prostaglandins
Definition
Polyunsaturated fatty acids that regulate renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation
Term
Define the following:
Trans fatty acids
Definition
Man-made chemically-induced fats from the conversion of oils to solids.
Structurally more closely related to saturated fats.
NOT Natural
Term
What does Prostaglandins regulate?
Definition
renin release, uterine contraction, and platelet aggregation
Term
What type of fatty acid is Margarine an example of?
Definition
Trans Fatty acids
Term
Are lipids soluble in water?
Definition
No
Term
Are Lipids organic or inorganic?
Definition
Organic
Term
What are most lipids transported in plasma by?
Definition
Carrier proteins
Term
Lipids are what type of precursors?
Definition
Hormone
Term
What are 2 locations of Lipids?
Definition
Cell membranes
Insulation
Term
Endogenous
Definition
Synthesized in Liver
Term
Exogenous
Definition
Dietary, Essential
Term
2 Functions of Lipids?
Definition
Provide cellular energy via production of acetyl CoA
Building blocks of other lipids
Term
3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol
Water Insoluble
Insulator/Cushion
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
What is the main source of Triglycerides?
Definition
Diet
Term
What type of specimen is required for Triglycerides?
Definition
Fasting
Term
What hydrolyzes Tg into FFA and glycerol so it can be taken up by cells for energy?
Definition
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
Term
Excess FFA are re-formed into what as storage fat?
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
True or False:
Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy
Definition
Ttrue
Term
What are 3 times when Tg can be mobilized when needed for energy
Definition
Starvation
Diabetes
Stress
Term
Unsaturated Steroid Alcohol
'Esterified'
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Exogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol?
Definition
10-15%
Term
Endogenous Cholesterol accounts for what % of total cholesterol?
Definition
85-90%
Term
What is the Vitamin D and Steroid Hormone Precursor?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Where is Cholesterol converted to bile acids to aid in fat absorption?
Definition
Liver
Term
What organ is the main route of cholesterol removal?
Definition
Liver
Term
Can you find Cholesterol in cell membranes?
Definition
Yes
Term
Is Cholesterol a GOOD source of energy fuel?
Definition
No
Term
What contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups?
Definition
Phospholipids
Term
Name 3 phospholipid lung surfactants
Definition
Lecithin
Sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylglyercol
Term
What contains sugar + lipid (ceramide)
Definition
Glycolipids
Term
What makes up the cell membranes of the brain and CNS
Definition
Gangliosides
Term
True or False:
Glycolipids serve a role in blood typing
Definition
True
Term
What does the following stand for:
VLDL
Definition
Very Low Density Lipids
Term
What does the following stand for:
LDL
Definition
Low Density Lipids
Term
What does the following stand for:
HDL
Definition
High Density Lipids
Term
Where is VLDL made?
Definition
Liver
Term
What does VLDL transport to cells for energy or storage?
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
VLDL is stimulated by what?
Definition
Intake of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids
Term
What does VLDL cause?
Definition
Obvious Lipemia
Term
What is LDL?
Definition
VLDL remnant after Tg has been deposited
Term
What does LDL transport to tissues for cell membranes and hormone synthesis?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Excess cholesterol is absorbed by macrophages in vessels, this leads to what?
Definition
foam cells and plaques
Term
What can/do plaques lead to?
Definition
Atherosclerosis
CAD
Stroke
Term
Where are HDLs mostly made?
Definition
Liver
Term
HDL contains a higher percentage of what?
Definition
Protein
Term
What does HDL transport from tissues to liver for disposal as bile acids?
Definition
Excess cholesterol
Term
True or False:
High levels of Lp(a) may be genetically controlled
Definition
True
Term
What does Lp(a) interfere with?
Definition
Normal plasminogen function
Term
The presence of Lipoprotein a may promote what?
Definition
Clotting
Term
What does Lipoprotein a have a Strong correlation with?
Definition
Family history of heart disease/stroke at an Early Age
Term
Lipid + Protein
Definition
Lipoprotein
Term
What is a Lipoprotein?
Definition
Protein/Phospholipid sphere with lipid in teh core
Term
What is the function of Lipoproteins?
Definition
Transport lipids through the bloodstream
Term
What are 4 types of Lipoproteins?
Definition
Chylomicrons
VLDL
HDL
LDL
Term
Chylomicrons are made where in response to fatty foods?
Definition
Intestines
Term
Chylomicrons carry what to adipose tissue for storage?
Definition
Exogenous lipids
Mainly Tg
Term
Chylomicrons carry exogenous lipids to where organs for energy?
Definition
Liver
Muscles
Term
It takes how many hours after a meal to clear the bloodstream of Chylomicrons?
Definition
6-8 hours
Term
What is the main cause of lipemia?
Definition
Chylomicrons
Term
What will a non-fasting specimen of Chylomicrons show?
Definition
Creamy layer on the top of the serum after refrigeration
Term
Desirable range of Tg (fasting)
Definition
<150 mg/dL
Term
Desirable range of Total Cholesterol
Definition
<200 mg/dL
Term
Desirable range of HDL Cholesterol
Definition
> or = 60 mg/dL
Term
Desirable range of LDL Cholesterol
Definition
<110 mg/dL
Term
3 Causes of Dyslipidemias
Definition
Genetic/familial
Lifestyle
Secondary to other diseases
Term
What is the formula used to calculate VLDL?
Definition
Triglycerides / 5
Term
What is the formula used to calculate LDL?
Definition
Total cholesterol - HDL - VLDL
Term
What amount of Triglycerides will make the Friedewald calculation invalid?
Definition
>400
Term
What type of method is used to measure HDL?
Definition
Homogeneous method
Term
For measuring HDL what type of enzymes block non-HDL lipoproteins?
Definition
Selective
Term
A second reagent is used in the homogeneous method for measuring HDL to do what?
Definition
Quantitate HDL
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
Thickening or hardening of vessels; loss of elasticity
Term
What is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States of America?
Definition
Arteriosclerosis
Term
What does Increased Cholesterol lead to?
Definition
Foam cells --> Fatty streaks --> Plaques -->Thrombosis / Blockage
Term
Arteriosclerosis - Brain = CVD = ?
Definition
Strokes
Term
Arteriosclerosis - Arms, legs =
Definition
PVD
Term
Arteriosclerosis - Heart = CAD or _______ = angina and MI
Definition
Atherosclerosis
Term
Arteriosclerosis - Cholesterol Increases, what happens to LDL and HDL?
Definition
LDL Increases
HDL Decreases
Term
What is the treatment for Arteriosclerosis?
Definition
Statins and bile acid sequestrants
Term
What are the 2 Consequences of Chronically High Lipids?
Definition
Arteriosclerosis
Gallstones
Term
What is the most common type of gallstone?
Definition
Cholesterol-containing
Term
Why are gallstones formed?
Definition
Bile contains more cholesterol than can be kept in solution. It then precipitates.
Term
Which sex tends to have more gallstones?
Definition
Women
Term
What are 2 factors that can increase the risk of gallstones?
Definition
Obesity
Poor Diet
Term
What are 7 conditions that are associated with Dyslipidemia?
Definition
Type 2 Diabetes
Nephrotic syndrome
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Familial Hypertriglyceridemia
Alcoholism
Tangier's Disease
Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X
Term
What is deficient in Type 2 Diabetes?
Definition
LDL
Term
What is increased in Type 2 Diabetes?
Definition
Triglycerides
Total Cholesterol
Term
What does the LDL Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes cause?
Definition
Increased circulating Tg
Term
What does hyperglycemia cause?
Definition
Increased fat production in liver = Increased Tg in blood
Term
What does insulin resistance cause?
Definition
Increased mobilized FFA = Increased Acetyl CoA = Increased Cholesterol
Term
What is Nephrotic Syndrome caused by?
Definition
Loss of glomerular function
Term
What decreases in Nephrotic Syndrome?
Definition
Serum Albumin
Term
What 2 substances increase in Nephrotic Syndrome?
Definition
Serum Triglycerides and Cholesterol
Term
What can typically be seen with Nephrotic Syndrome?
Definition
Proteinuria
OFB
Free fat globules
Fatty casts
Cholesterol Crystals
Term
With Familial Hypercholesterolemia which type is rare?
Definition
Homozygous
Term
With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to?
Definition
1000
Term
With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia what does the Cholesterol get up to?
Definition
600
Term
With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart attacks as early as what age?
Definition
Teen years
Term
With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia one can see heart disease in what age range?
Definition
20s-50s
Term
What does Familial Hypercholesterolemia lack?
Definition
LDL cell receptors
Term
Does LDL accumulate in the blood in Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
Definition
Yes
Term
What increases in Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
Definition
Total Cholesterol
LDL
Term
Is Familial Hypercholesterolemia associated with obesity?
Definition
No
Term
Xanthomas and Arcus are associated with which condition?
Definition
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Term
What causes (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia?
Definition
Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of VLDL
Term
(Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia is an Imbalance between synthesis and clearance of what?
Definition
VLDL
Term
What is (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia deficient in?
Definition
LDL
Term
What will patients with (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia have even after fasting?
Definition
Chylomicrons
Term
What can (Familial) Hypertriglyceridemia cause?
Definition
Acute pancreatitis
Term
What can poor diet habits lead to?
Definition
Increased Fatty acid synthesis for cellular energy
Term
Alcohol interferes with with LPL, so what 2 substances accumulate in blood?
Definition
Tg
VLDL
Term
___% of cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcoholism
Definition
75%
Term
GGT, AST/ALT are associated with which condtion associated with dyslipidemia?
Definition
Alcoholism
Term
Cirrhosis and beta-gama briding are associated with which condition?
Definition
Alcoholism
Term
What is absent in Tangier's Disease?
Definition
Apoprotein A = NO HDL
Term
Tangier's Disease puts its patients at what type of risk?
Definition
Premature risk of CHD
Term
Enlarged discolored tonsils and spleen are associated with which condition?
Definition
Tangier's Disease
Term
What are 3 other causes associated with dyslipidemia?
Definition
Smoking
Hypertension
Menopause
Term
Patients are at risk for Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X if they have 3 or more of what?
Definition
Large waistline
Higher triglyceride
Lower HDL
Higher BP
Higher Fasting Glucose
Sedentary lifestyle
Term
What 3 things could be higher for Patients of Metabolic Syndrome / Syndrome X
Definition
BP
Fasting Glucose
Triglyceride
Term
Most cholesterol exists as what?
Definition
Cholesteryl esters
Term
Enzymatic methods separate cholesterol from what?
Definition
Fatty Acids
Term
What interferes with the lab analysis for Total Cholesterol?
Definition
Bilirubin
Ascorbic Acid
Term
When analyzing Triglycerides in the lab which enzyme starts the reaction?
Definition
Lipase
Term
What type of specimens are preferred to avoid false elevations from dietary Triglycerides?
Definition
Fasting
Term
What will cause a false elevation of Triglycerides?
Definition
Free glycerol (endogenous)
Term
When testing Triglycerides what type of "blank" should you use to overcome a potential false elevation?
Definition
Glycerol
Term
What is steatorrhea?
Definition
Presence of excess fat in feces
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