Term
| What is the intracellular fluid compartment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the intracellular fluid composition? |
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Definition
| most proteins, larger molecules remain in the intracellular fluid. water moves in and out via osmosis |
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Term
| What is the extracellular fluid compartment? |
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Definition
| all fluid outside the cells. Subcompartments include interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, CSF, synovial fluid. |
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Term
| What is the composition of the extrecellular fluid? |
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Definition
| substances such as RBC, albumins, stay in blood vessels |
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Term
| What is normal water intake and output per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three mechanisms for water intake? |
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Definition
60% drinking
30% moist food
10% internal metabolic pathways |
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Term
| Four major routs we lose water |
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Definition
urine - 60%
skin diffusion and lung evaporation - 28%
sweat - 8%
Feces - 4% |
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Term
| What stimulates the thirst mechanism? |
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Definition
| Plasma osmolality increase of 1-2% or blood volume drop stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus |
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Term
| What hormone controls excretion of sodium ions? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| increased sodium ions in plasma |
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Term
| what causes hypernatremia? |
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Definition
| too much aldosterone, hypertonic saline solutions, dehydration |
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Term
| what are symptoms of hypernatremia? |
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Definition
| confusion and lethargy, neuromuscular irritability with twitching and convulsions. |
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Term
| what causes hyponatremia? |
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Definition
| vomiting, dirrhea, burns, dilution, increased diuresis, aldosterone deficiency |
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Term
| what are symptoms of hyponatremia? |
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Definition
| lethargy, confusion, seziures, coma |
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Term
| What is the predominant anion in ECF? |
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Definition
| Chloride ions. Strongly attracted to positive cations so the mechanisms that control cations are also responsible for controlling these. |
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Term
| What is the most important intracellular cation? |
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Definition
| Potassium. Increased ECF K causes excessive depolarization of cell membranes. Decreased ECF K ions causes hyperpolarization of cell membranes |
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Term
| What controls potassium levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes hyperkalemia? |
|
Definition
| decreased aldosterone, cell rupture due to burns or other trauma |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of hyperkalemia? |
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Definition
| restlessness, neuromuscular irritability followed by fatigue due to overexcitment, which leads to muscular weakness and flaccid paralysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| too much aldosterone, reduced intake, GI tract problems |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of hypokalemia? |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization of cells and leads to muscle weakness and mental confusion |
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Term
| How are calcium levels regulated? |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone. A decrease in blood Ca causes PTH secretion which raises blood calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperparathyroidism, too much vitamin D |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia? |
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Definition
| bone wasting, fractures, kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias, depressed respiration |
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Term
| What are the causes of hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
| nutritional, vitamin D deficiencies, burns |
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Term
| What are the symptoms for hypocalcemia? |
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Definition
| neuromuscular excitability, tetany, depressed excitability of heart |
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Term
| What does bicarbonate buffer system do? |
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Definition
| converts strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases. primary buffer in ECF |
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Term
| What is the purpose of phosphate buffer system? |
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Definition
| same as bicarbonate buffer but works in nephron |
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Term
| What is purpose of protein buffer system? |
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Definition
| most powerful ICF buffers in the body. Can bind or release H+ when necesssary |
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Term
| How does respiratory system act as a buffer? |
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Definition
| slower than chemical buffers, increase hydrogen leads to increased Carbon dioxide levels and increased respiration |
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Term
| What is renal regulation? |
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Definition
| slowest action, but only system that can get rid of acids generated by metabolism |
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Term
| What is respiratory acidosis? |
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Definition
| caused by any condition that impairs gas exchange, shallow breathing. PCO2 increases and pH decreases |
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|
Term
| What is respiratory alkalosis? |
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Definition
| hyperventalion, tumor on respiratory center. CO2 washed out of body too quickly. PCO2 decreases and pH increases |
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|
Term
| What is metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
| caused by severe diarrhea, renal failure, starvation, excessive alcohol intake; low blood pH and low blood HCO3 levels |
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|
Term
| What is metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
| caused by vomiting or suctioning of acidic gastric contents, excessive bicarb intake |
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