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FOA flash cards
202
Mathematics
9th Grade
03/20/2025

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Term
absolute value
Definition
The distance of a number from zero; the positive value of a number.
Term
acute angle
Definition
A positive angle measuring less than 90 degrees.
Term
acute triangle
Definition
A triangle each of whose angles measures less than 90 degrees.
Term
additive identity
Definition
The number zero is called the additive identity because the sum of zero and any number is that
number.
Term
additive inverse
Definition
The additive inverse of any number x is the number that gives zero when added to x. The additive
inverse of 5 is -5.
Term
angle
Definition
The union of two rays with a common endpoint, called the vertex.
Term
arc
Definition
A portion of the circumference of a circle.
Term
area
Definition
The number of square units that covers a shape or figure
Term
associative property of addition
Definition
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Term
associative property of multiplication
Definition
(a x b) x c = a x (b x c)
Term
average
Definition
A number that represents the characteristics of a data set.
Term
axis of symmetry
Definition
A line that passes through a figure in such a way that the part of the figure on one side of the line
is a mirror reflection of the part on the other side of the line.
Term
base
Definition
The bottom of a plane figure or three-dimensional figure.
Term
Bisect
Definition
To divide into two congruent parts.
Term
Box and whisker plot
Definition
A type of data plot that displays the quartiles and range of a data set.
Term
Cartesian coordinates
Definition
A system in which points on a plane are identified by an ordered pair of numbers, representing
the distances to two or three perpendicular axes.
Term
central angle
Definition
An angle that has its vertex at the center of a circle.
Term
chord
Definition
A line segment that connects two points on a curve.
Term
circle
Definition
The set of points in a plane that are a fixed distance from a given point, called the center
Term
circumference
Definition
The distance around a circle.
Term
coefficient
Definition
A constant that multiplies a variable.
Term
collinear
Definition
Points are collinear if they lie on the same line
Term
combination
Definition
A selection in which order is not important
Term
common factor
Definition
A factor of two or more numbers
Term
common multiple
Definition
A multiple of two or more numbers.
Term
commutative property of addition
Definition
a + b = b + a.
Term
commutative property of multiplication
Definition
a*b = b*a
Term
complementary angles
Definition
Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees.
Term
composite number
Definition
A natural number that is not prime
Term
cone
Definition
A three-dimensional figure with one vertex and a circular base
Term
congruent
Definition
Figures or angles that have the same size and shape.
Term
constant
Definition
A value that does not change
Term
coordinate plane
Definition
The plane determined by a horizontal number line, called the x-axis, and a vertical number line,
called the y-axis, intersecting at a point called the origin. Each point in the coordinate plane can
be specified by an ordered pair of numbers.
Term
coplanar
Definition
Points that lie within the same plane
Term
counting numbers
Definition
The natural numbers, or the numbers used to count.
Term
counting principle
Definition
If a first event has n outcomes and a second event has m outcomes, then the first event followed
by the second event has n times m outcomes.
Term
cross product
Definition
A product found by multiplying the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of another
fraction and the denominator of the first fraction by the numerator of the second
Term
cube
Definition
A solid figure with six square faces.
Term
cylinder
Definition
A three-dimensional figure having two parallel bases that are congruent circles
Term
data
Definition
Information that is gathered
Term
decimal number
Definition
The numbers in the base 10 number system, having one or more places to the right of a decimal
point.
Term
degree
Definition
A unit of measure of an angle.
Term
denominator
Definition
The bottom part of a fraction
Term
dependent events
Definition
Two events in which the outcome of the second is influenced by the outcome of the first
Term
diagonal
Definition
The line segment connecting two nonadjacent vertices in a polygon
Term
diameter
Definition
The line segment joining two points on a circle and passing through the center of the circle
Term
difference
Definition
The result of subtracting two numbers
Term
digit
Definition
The ten symbols, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The number 215 has three digits: 2, 1, and 5
Term
distributive property
Definition
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Term
dividend
Definition
In a / b = c, a is the dividend.
Term
divisor
Definition
In a / b = c, b is the divisor.
Term
ellipse
Definition
The set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances to two fixed points is a constant.
Term
equation
Definition
A mathematical statement that says that two expressions have the same value; any number
sentence with an =
Term
equilateral triangle
Definition
A triangle that has three equal sides.
Term
equivalent equations
Definition
Two equations whose solutions are the same.
Term
equivalent fractions
Definition
Fractions that reduce to the same number.
Term
error of measurement
Definition
The difference between an approximate measurement and the actual measure taken
Term
evaluate
Definition
To substitute number values into an expression
Term
even number
Definition
A natural number that is divisible by 2
Term
event
Definition
In probability, a set of outcomes
Term
exponent
Definition
A number that indicates the operation of repeated multiplication
Term
equivalent fractions
Definition
Fractions that reduce to the same number
Term
factor
Definition
One of two or more expressions that are multiplied together to get a product.
Term
factoring
Definition
To break a number into its factors.
Term
face
Definition
A flat surface of a three-dimensional figure.
Term
formula
Definition
A equation that states a rule or a fact.
Term
fraction
Definition
A number used to name a part of a group or a whole. The number below the bar is the
denominator, and the number above the bar is the numerator
Term
frequency
Definition
The number of times a particular item appears in a data set.
Term
frequency table
Definition
A data listing which also lists the frequencies of the data
Term
graph
Definition
A type of drawing used to represent data
Term
greatest common factor (GCF)
Definition
The largest number that divides two or more numbers evenly
Term
horizontal
Definition
A line with zero slope
Term
hypotenuse
Definition
The side opposite the right angle in a right triangle
Term
identity property of addition
Definition
The sum of any number and 0 is that number
Term
identity property of multiplication
Definition
The product of 1 and any number is that number
Term
improper fraction
Definition
A fraction with a numerator that is greater than the denominator.
Term
independent events
Definition
Two events in which the outcome of the second is not affected by the outcome of the first
Term
inequality
Definition
A mathematical expression which shows that two quantities are not equal
Term
infinity
Definition
A limitless quantity
Term
inscribed angle
Definition
An angle placed inside a circle with its vertex on the circle and whose sides contain chords of the
circle
Term
inscribed polygon
Definition
A polygon placed inside a circle so that each vertex of the polygon touches the circle.
Term
integers
Definition
The set of numbers containing zero, the natural numbers, and all the negatives of the natural
numbers
Term
intercept
Definition
The x-intercept of a line or curve is the point where it crosses the x-axis, and the y- intercept of a
line or curve is the point where it crosses the y-axis
Term
intercepted arc
Definition
The arc of a circle within an inscribed angle
Term
interpolation
Definition
A method for estimating values that lie between two known values
Term
intersecting lines
Definition
Lines that have one and only one point in common.
Term
inverse
Definition
Opposite. -5 is the additive inverse of 5, because their sum is zero. 1/3 is the multiplicative
inverse of 3, because their product is 1.
Term
inverse operations
Definition
Two operations that have the opposite effect, such as addition and subtraction
Term
irrational number
Definition
A number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers
Term
isosceles triangle
Definition
A triangle with at least two equal sides
Term
least common denominator
Definition
The smallest multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions
Term
least common multiple
Definition
The smallest nonzero number that is a multiple of two or more numbers
Term
like fractions
Definition
Fractions that have the same denominator
Term
line
Definition
A straight set of points that extends into infinity in both directions.
Term
line of symmetry
Definition
Line that divides a geometric figure into two congruent portions.
Term
line segment
Definition
Two points on a line, and all the points between those two points
Term
locus
Definition
A path of points.
Term
logic
Definition
The study of sound reasoning
Term
lowest terms
Definition
Simplest form; when the GCF of the numerator and the denominator of a fraction is 1.
Term
mean
Definition
In a data set, the sum of all the data points, divided by the number of data points; average
Term
median
Definition
The middle number in a data set when the data are put in order; a type of average
Term
midpoint
Definition
A point on a line segment that divides the segment into two congruent segments.
Term
mixed number
Definition
A number written as a whole number and a fraction.
Term
mode
Definition
A type of average; the number (or numbers) that occurs most frequently in a set of data.
Term
multiple
Definition
A multiple of a number is the product of that number and any other whole number. Zero is a
multiple of every number
Term
multiplicative identity
Definition
The number 1 is the multiplicative identity because multiplying 1 times any number gives that
number
Term
multiplicative inverse
Definition
The reciprocal of a number
Term
mutually exclusive events
Definition
Two or more events that cannot occur at the same time
Term
natural numbers
Definition
The counting numbers.
Term
negative number
Definition
A real number that is less than zero
Term
normal
Definition
Perpendicular
Term
number line
Definition
A line on which every point represents a real number.
Term
numerator
Definition
The top part of a fraction
Term
obtuse angle
Definition
An angle whose measure is greater than 90 degrees.
Term
obtuse triangle
Definition
A triangle with an obtuse angle.
Term
octagon
Definition
A polygon with 8 sides
Term
odd number
Definition
A whole number that is not divisible by 2
Term
operation
Definition
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are the basic arithmetic operations.
Term
opposites
Definition
Two numbers that lie the same distance from 0 on the number line but in opposite directions.
Term
ordered pair
Definition
Set of two numbers in which the order has an agreed-upon meaning, such as the Cartesian
coordinates (x, y), where the first coordinate represents the horizontal position, and the second
coordinate represents the vertical position.
Term
origin
Definition
The point (0, 0) on a coordinate plane, where the x-axis and the y-axis intersect
Term
outcome
Definition
n probability, a possible result of an experiment
Term
parallel
Definition
Two lines are parallel if they are in the same plane and never intersect.
Term
parallelogram
Definition
A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel.
Term
pentagon
Definition
A five-sided polygon.
Term
percent
Definition
A fraction, or ratio, in which the denominator is assumed to be 100. The symbol % is used for
percent.
Term
perimeter
Definition
The sum of the lengths of the sides of a polygon.
Term
permutation
Definition
A way to arrange things in which order is important.
Term
perpendicular
Definition
Two lines are perpendicular if the angle between them is 90 degrees
Term
pi
Definition
The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
Term
plane
Definition
A flat surface that stretches into infinity.
Term
point
Definition
A location in a plane or in space, having no dimensions.
Term
polygon
Definition
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together.
Term
polyhedron
Definition
A three-dimensional solid that is bounded by plane polygons
Term
positive number
Definition
A real number greater than zero.
Term
power
Definition
A number that indicates the operation of repeated multiplication
Term
prime number
Definition
A number whose only factors are itself and 1
Term
probability
Definition
For an experiment, the total number of successful events divided by the total number of possible
events
Term
product
Definition
The result of two numbers being multiplied together
Term
proper fraction
Definition
A fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator
Term
proportion
Definition
An equation of fractions in the form:
a/b = c/d
Term
protractor
Definition
A device for measuring angles
Term
pyramid
Definition
A three-dimensional figure that has a polygon for its base and whose faces are triangles having a
common vertex.
Term
Pythagorean Theorem
Definition
The theorem that relates the three sides of a right triangle: a^2+b^2=3^2
Term
quadrant
Definition
One of the quarters of the plane of the Cartesian coordinate system
Term
quadrilateral
Definition
A polygon with 4 sides.
Term
quotient
Definition
The answer to a division problem
Term
radius
Definition
The distance from the center to a point on a circle; the line segment from the center to a point on
a circle
Term
range
Definition
In statistics, the difference between the largest and the smallest numbers in a data set
Term
rate
Definition
A ratio that compares different kinds of units
Term
ratio
Definition
A pair of numbers that compares different types of units
Term
rational number
Definition
A number that can be expressed as the ratio of two integers
Term
ray
Definition
part of a line, with one endpoint, and extending to infinity in one direction
Term
real numbers
Definition
The combined set of rational numbers and irrational numbers
Term
reciprocal
Definition
The number which, when multiplied times a particular fraction, gives a result of 1
Term
rectangle
Definition
A quadrilateral with four 90-degree angles
Term
reflection
Definition
A transformation resulting from a flip
Term
regular polygon
Definition
A polygon in which all the angles are equal and all of the sides are equal.
Term
repeating decimal
Definition
A decimal in which the digits endlessly repeat a pattern.
Term
rhombus
Definition
A parallelogram with four equal sides
Term
right angle
Definition
An angle whose measure is 90 degrees
Term
right triangle
Definition
A triangle that contains a right angle.
Term
root
Definition
The root of an equation is the same as the solution to the equation
Term
rotation
Definition
A transformation in which a figure is rotated through a given angle, about a point
Term
sample space
Definition
For an experiment, the sample space includes all the possible outcomes
Term
Scale drawing
Definition
A drawing that is a reduction or enlargement of the original.
Term
scalene triangle
Definition
A triangle with three unequal sides
Term
scattergram
Definition
A graph with points plotted on a coordinate plane
Term
scientific notation
Definition
A method for writing extremely large or small numbers compactly in which the number is shown
as the product of two factors
Term
set
Definition
A well-defined group of objects
Term
similar
Definition
Two polygons are similar if their corresponding sides are proportional
Term
simplifying
Definition
Reducing to lowest terms
Term
skew lines
Definition
Lines that are not in the same plane and that do not intersect
Term
slope
Definition
The steepness of a line expressed as a ratio, using any two points on the line
Term
solution
Definition
The value of a variable that makes an equation true
Term
sphere
Definition
A three-dimensional figure with all points in space a fixed distance from a given point, called the
center.
Term
square
Definition
A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four 90-degree angles
Term
square root
Definition
The square root of x is the number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number, x.
Term
statistics
Definition
The science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data
Term
stem and leaf plot
Definition
A technique for organizing data for comparison.
Term
straight angle
Definition
An angle that measures 180 degrees
Term
supplementary angles
Definition
Two angles are supplementary if their sum is 180 degrees.
Term
surface area
Definition
For a three-dimensional figure, the sum of the areas of all the faces.
Term
terminating decimal
Definition
A fraction whose decimal representation contains a finite number of digits.
Term
translation
Definition
A transformation, or change in position, resulting from a slide with no turn.
Term
transformation
Definition
A change in the position, shape, or size of a geometric figure.
Term
transversal
Definition
A line that intersects two other lines.
Term
trapezoid
Definition
A quadrilateral that has exactly two sides parallel
Term
tree diagram
Definition
A diagram that shows outcomes of an experiment.
Term
triangle
Definition
A three-sided polygon
Term
unit price
Definition
Price per unit of measure
Term
variable
Definition
A letter used to represent a number value in an expression or an equation
Term
vertex
Definition
The point on an angle where the two sides intersect
Term
vertical angles
Definition
A pair of opposite angles that is formed by intersecting lines.
Term
volume
Definition
A measurement of space, or capacity.
Term
whole numbers
Definition
The set of numbers that includes zero and all of the natural numbers
Term
x-axis
Definition
The horizontal axis in a Cartesian coordinate plane
Term
x-intercept
Definition
The value of x at the point where a line or curve crosses the x-axis.
Term
y-axis
Definition
The vertical axis in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Term
y-intercept
Definition
The value of y at the point where a curve crosses the y-axis
Term
zero
Definition
The additive identity: the number that, when added to another number n, gives n.
Term
zero property of multiplication
Definition
The product of zero and any number is zero
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